V,

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM

NATURAL HISTORY

ENTOMOLOGY

Vol. XII

1962

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY;

LONDON : 1963

DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE PARTS

No. 1-17 April 1962

No. 2-17 April 1962

No. 3-29 May 1962

No. 4-17 July 1962

No. 5-17 July 1962

No. 6-17 July 1962

No. 7-10 August 1962

No. 8-26 October 1962
Contents & Index January 1963

PRINTED IN
GREAT BRITAIN

AT THE

BARTHOLOMEW PRESS
DORKING

BY
ADLARD AND SON, LTD.

CONTENTS

ENTOMOLOGY VOLUME XII

PAGE

No. I. The British Pseudococcidae (Homoptera : Coccoidea). By D. J.

WILLIAMS i

No. 2. New African Caddis-flies (Order Trichoptera) . By D. E. KIMMINS 81

No. 3. Notes on the Epitolinae with descriptions of a new genus and new
species and subspecies (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae). By T. H. E.
JACKSON 123

No. 4. A revision of the African Laemophloeinae (Coleoptera : Cucujidae).

By L. P. LEFKOVITCH 165

No. 5. Microlepidoptera from the New Hebrides. Records and descriptions
of Microlepidoptera collected on the Island of Aneityum by Miss
Evelyn Cheesman, O.B.E. By J. D. BRADLEY 247

No. 6. The Acridoidea (Orthoptera) of Madagascar. I. Acrididae (except

Acridinae). By V. M. DIRSH 273

No. 7. Notes on Tunga caecigena (Siphonaptera : Tungidae). By KARL
JORDAN. Neotunga euloidea gen. n., sp. n. (Siphonaptera : Pulici-
dae). By F. G. A. M. SMIT 351

No. 8. Holarctic sawflies (Hymenoptera : Symphyta). By ROBERT B.

BENSON 379

THE BRITISH

PSEUDOCOCCIDAE

(HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA)

D. J. WILLIAMS

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 12 No. i

LONDON: 1962

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCIDAE
(HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA)

BY

D. T. WILLIAMS
j

(Commonwealth Institute of Entomology)

i

'-

Pp. 1-79 / 29 Text-figures

BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 12 No. i

LONDON: 1962

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical Series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 12, No. I of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow
those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

Trustees of the British Museum, 1962

Issued 17 April 1962 Price Twenty-eight Shillings

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCIDAE
(HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA)

By D. J. WILLIAMS

SYNOPSIS

This study of the British Pseudococcidae has necessitated changes in nomenclature of many of
the 42 species discussed, resulting in new combinations and new synonymy of names. The species
are placed in 21 genera, one of which, Balanococcus, is described as new. Twenty -eight species
are regarded as native and the remainder are found in greenhouses. Four new species are
described : Atrococcus cracens, Balanococcus boratynskii, Saccharicoccus penium and Trionymus
orestes. Illustrations are given of 29 species, the others having been illustrated elsewhere by
other authors.

INTRODUCTION

THE British Pseudococcidae or mealy-bugs discussed here were included in the sub-
family Dactylopiinae by Newstead (1903) and later by Green in various accounts of
the British species. The group is equivalent to the tribe Pseudococcini as defined by
Balachowsky (1948) or to the subfamily Pseudococcinae recognized by Borchsenius
(1949). In the present work the group is recognized as that defined by Ferris (1950)
as the family Pseudococcidae.

HISTORY

Very few mealy-bugs were known from Britain in the last century and about half
of these had been described from greenhouses. One in particular, collected in a green-
house at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, has still not been found in its natural
habitat. The first native record seems to be that of Coccus hcdophilus described by
J. Hardy in 1868. Towards the end of the century J. Douglas added other names to
the British list but it was R. Newstead who first collected this group seriously. In
a monograph of British coccids, Newstead (1903) gave descriptions of 12 mealy-bugs,
7 of which were native species.

During the present century E. E. Green was the one most active in this field adding
many new records and describing 15 British species as new to science.

The inadequacy of existing descriptions of British Pseudococcidae makes it impos-
sible, except in a few instances, to identify species from the literature with any
degree of certainty. This also applies to many species described from the Continent,
although in recent years some effort has been made to describe them more fully.

The purpose of this study is to redescribe and illustrate the British Pseudococcidae
and to bring together the somewhat scattered records. Particular attention has been
given to a work by Borchsenius (1949) revising the species from Russia. In this
work 80 are described as new and many others have since been described from that
area. Many of the Russian species will doubtless be found in Western Europe and,

ENTOM. 12, I. I

4 D. J. WILLIAMS

taking as a guide the frequency of new species recently discovered in Western Russia,
it would seem safe to assume that many new ones remain to be discovered in Western
Europe and even in Britain.

When some of the continental species are known to be identical with those
described here then their names have been reduced to synonyms. On the other hand
a number of the British names may have to be sunk when the continental species are
redescribed.

Holotypes of the four new species are deposited in the British Museum (Natural
History).

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

The species settled on for discussion are given in the distributional list opposite.

Newstead and Green often recorded species as British merely because they had
been collected alive on imported plants. In recent years Ferrisiana virgata (Cockerell)
and Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell), two important cosmopolitan species, have found
their way into this country but no records of their establishment are known here.
A few species, especially some members of the genera Pseudococcus and Rhizoecus,
have become established in greenhouses throughout the country and for purposes of
recognition they are included. Some other greenhouse species are discussed where
changes in nomenclature are due or where a redescription will save the species from
obscurity.

No original material seems to exist of Dactylopius theobromae described by Douglas
(1889) and it is impossible to recognize it from the meagre description : the name,
therefore, must be regarded as a nomen dubium.

Although normally regarded as part of the continental fauna, the mealy-bugs of
the Channel Islands are included because, of the 9 species now recorded, all but 3 are
known to occur in Britain. The paucity of records from Wales, Scotland and Ireland
immediately becomes apparent from the list. This is undoubtedly due to a lack of
collecting and when the total number of British species is finally known, these areas
will probably have the most interesting and varied fauna. The British records
included relate only to specimens actually studied during the course of this work.

MORPHOLOGY

All morphological terms mentioned are based on those used by Ferris (1950, 1953).
McKenzie (1960) has given an excellent generalized drawing representing the morpho-
logical structures of the family Pseudococcidae. Measurements of the labium refer
to the two fused and sclerotized segments constituting the cone. The small basal
segment is not included. As pointed out by McKenzie, the presence of a denticle on
the claw, although a useful character, is now of less significance in placing a species in
the Phenacoccus series. Some species are now known with a denticle but which are
not typical of this series and others have been described recently with an obvious
relationship to the Phenacoccus series, yet lack the denticle. One species is described
here as Euripersia europaea (Newstead) from specimens where the denticle is present
or entirely lacking.

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCID AE

Distributional List of the British Pseudococcidae

Antonina crawi*

Atrococcus cracens sp. n. .
A. luffi ....

A . paludinus .
Balanococcus boratynskii sp. n.

B. scirpi

Chnaurococcus subterraneus
Chorizococcus lounsburyi*

Dysmicoccus walkeri

D. wistariae* .
Euripersia europaea

E. tomlinii
Heliococcus minutus
Heterococcus pulverarius .
Nipaecoccus nipae* .
Peliococcus balteatus.
Phenacoccus aceris ,

P. interruptus
P. sphagni
Planococcus citri*
Pseudococcus adonidum* .
P. fragilis
P. latipes*
Rhizoecus albidus
R. cacticans* .

R. dianthi*
R. elongatus* .
R. falcifer*
R. halophilus .
Saccharicoccus penium sp. n.
Spilococcus cactearum*

S. filicicola*
Spinococcus calluneti

Trionymus dactylis .
T. diminutus .

T. newsteadi .
7". orestes sp. n.
T. perrisii
T. phalaridis .
T. radicum
T. thulensis
T. tomlini

W

x

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

a

d
a

"o
&
X

62

X X

Other localities

Japan, Formosa, U.S.A., Hawaii,
France, Russia.

S. Africa, Kenya, Egypt, Hawaii,

U.S.A. Holland.
Spain, France, Germany.
Japan, U.S.A.
Holland, Germany.
Corsica, Germany.
Spain.

Probably cosmopolitan.
Russia, Sweden, Czechoslovakia.
Palaearctic and Nearctic.

Holland.
Cosmopolitan.
Cosmopolitan.
Cosmopolitan.
Probably cosmopolitan.
France, Germany.
North and South America, green-
houses in Germany.

Holland.

Probably cosmopolitan.

U.S.A., Mexico, greenhouses in
Europe.

Sweden, Germany, Russia,

Czechoslovakia.
France.
New Zealand, U.S.A., Russia,

Formosa, Italy.
Germany, Russia, Czechoslovakia.

France, Germany , Russia, Holland.

Russia.

Holland.

Iceland, France.

* Greenhouse species.

6 D. J. WILLIAMS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The writer is grateful to Dr. Harold Morrison of the United States Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D.C. for the prompt and generous way he has answered
queries, studied specimens submitted to him and given helpful advice. His highly
valued opinions on many of the species herein discussed are accepted and included.

Professor H. L. McKenzie of the University of California, Davis, California has
co-operated fully in discussing many points of interest and giving the writer valuable
information on his latest paper on the Californian mealy-bugs before it was published.
His kindness in this respect has been most welcome.

Professor N. S. Borchsenius of the Zoological Institute, Academy of Science of
the U.S.S.R., Leningrad, has kindly examined a photograph of the illustration of
Balanococcus scirpi (Green) and given valuable comments on its relationship to the
genus Kiritshenkella described by him. He also compared specimens of Trionymus
hibernicus with Russian specimens of T. perrisii for which the writer is deeply
indebted.

Dr. A. Reyne of the Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam, Holland, kindly made
available Dutch specimens of Trionymus perrisii and T. radicum for which thanks
are cordially given.

Particular gratitude is expressed to Dr. K. L. Boratynski of Imperial College,
London, who has taken a lively interest in this study since its commencement. Dr.
Boratynski has made available his collection of British mealy-bugs, adding many
new records and two new species which are described herein. His help and encourage-
ment have been much appreciated.

KEY TO GENERA

1 Legs entirely lacking ANTONINA Signoret

Legs present, although at times reduced in size ...... 2

2 Trilocular pores present somewhere on the body ...... 3

Trilocular pores absent, replaced by quinquelocular pores HE TERO CO CCUS Ferris

3 (2) With some crateriform ducts present, each with the orifice at the apex of a

sclerotized prominence and often with one or more setae attached to the base

of the duct prominence HELIOCOCCUS Sul9

Without this type of duct .......... 4

4 (3) With some dorsal body setae spine-like and same size or nearly same size as

those of cerarii ........... 5

Dorsal body setae never enlarged and spine-like, either slender or minutely

lanceolate ............ 6

5 (4) Quinquelocular disc pores present on venter, claw with a denticle, dorsal cerarii

present SPINOCOCCUS Borchsenius

Quinquelocular disc pores absent, claw without a denticle, dorsal spine-like

setae not forming cerarii NIPAECOCCUS Sul9

6 (4) Dorsal multilocular disc pores present, arranged in clusters of 3-6 and with a

minute tubular duct at the centre . . . PELIOCOCCUS Borchsenius
Dorsal multilocular disc pores, if present, not arranged in clusters . . 7

7 (6) Oral rim ducts present somewhere on the body ...... 8

Oral rim ducts lacking ..........12

8 (7) With 17 pairs of cerarii, each possessing slender auxiliary setae in addition to

cerarian setae PSEUDOCOCCUS Westwood

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCIDAE 7

With 0-17 pairs of cerarii but only anal lobe pair with auxiliary setae . . 9

9 (8) Body content black or blue-black, especially apparent when boiling in potash or

lacto-phenol ............ u

Body content never black or blue-black, usually yellow . . . . 10

10 (9) With from o to 4 pairs of cerarii present . . CHORIZOCOCCUS McKenzie

With from 6 to 17 pairs of cerarii present, part of . SPILOCOCCUS Ferris

11 (10) With 1-7 pairs of cerarii, circulus absent . . . ATROCOCCUS Goux

With at least 9 pairs of cerarii, circulus present, part of .SPILOCOCCUS Ferris

12 (7) Circulus present, longer than wide, hour-glass shaped SACCHARICOCCUS Ferris

Circulus, if present, never longer than wide or hour-glass shaped . . . 13

13 (12) With a denticle or tooth, either well developed or small, on the plantar surface of

the claw ............ 14

Claw without a denticle .......... 15

14 (13) With 9-1 8 pairs of cerarii .... PHENACOCCUS Cockerell

With 2-4 pairs of cerarii, part of .... EURIPERSIA Borchsenius

15 (13) Anal lobes without recognizable cerarii, bi- or tritubular pores present somewhere

on the body RHIZOECUS Kiinckel d'Herculais

Anal lobes with cerarii represented by paired conical setae, bi- or tritubular

pores lacking ........... 16

16 (15) With 18 pairs of cerarii PLANOCOCCUS Ferris

With 1-17 pairs of cerarii ......... 17

17 (16) With 6-17 pairs of cerarii DYSMICOCCUS Ferris

With 1-5 pairs of cerarii .......... 18

1 8 (17) With some quinquelocular pores on venter, part of EURIPERSIA Borchsenius

Never with quinquelocular pores on venter . . . . . . . 19

19 (18) Antennae 7-8-segmented TRIONYMUS Berg

Antennae 6-segmented . . . . . . . . . .20

20 (19) Multilocular disc pores forming marginal zone around dorsum and venter

BALANOCOCCUS Williams
Multilocular disc pores on venter of abdomen only, not forming marginal zone

CHNAUROCOCCUS Ferris

NOTES. Although the key is based mainly on morphological characters some
difficulty may be encountered with couplet 9 (8) when identifying specimens already
prepared on slides. This is due to our incomplete knowledge of the genera Chorizo-
coccus, Spilococcus and Atrococcus and further discussions are given under these
genera.

DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES

ANTONINA Signoret
Antonina Signoret, 1875 : 24.
Antonina Signoret, Borchsenius, 1949 : 311.
Antonina Signoret, Ferris, 1953 : 289.

Type of genus Antonina pur pur ea Signoret.

The type of the genus was described from France but the genus is represented
mainly in the warmer regions. Only Antonina crawi Cockerell is known in this
country and this is found in greenhouses. It is mentioned here to synonymize the
name A . socialis Newstead. All members of this genus are devoid of legs and many
have the posterior segments of the abdomen sclerotized at maturity. They are found
only on grasses.

8 D. J. WILLIAMS

Antonina crawi Cockerell

Antonina crawi Cockerell, 1900 : 70.
Antonina socialis Newstead, 1901 : 85 (syn. n.).
Antonina socialis Newstead, Newstead, 1903 : 207.
Antonina crawii Cockerell, Ferris, 1953 : 292.

The type of Antonina socialis is identical with A. crawi. Specimens are at hand
from ENGLAND, Hertfordshire, Broxbourne, Arundinaria japonica, 26.1.1899 and
SCOTLAND, East Lothian, Prestonkirk, on bamboo, 11.1905, all taken under glass.
Ferris has redescribed and illustrated this species.

ATROCOCCUS Goux
Atrococcus Goux, 1941 : 69.

Type of genus Atrococcus melanovirens Goux.

Goux erected this genus for a few species possessing the following characters :
cerarii on abdomen only, circulus absent, oral rim ducts on dorsum and usually on
lateral areas of venter, presence of a group of oral collar ducts on prothorax in front
of anterior spiracles, these often accompanied by a group of multilocular disc pores,
body content showing a black pigment after death and especially when placed in
potash.

The black or blue-black body content in mealy-bugs is often a preliminary aid
in identification and certainly the character has some significance in such genera
as Nipaecoccus Sul9, Naiacoccus Green and Amonostherium Morrison & Morrison and
others. There seem to be no special external morphological characters associated
with the internal body colour. Once a specimen is mounted on the slide it is, so far,
impossible to determine the original body colour.

Two genera, Spilococcus Ferris and Chorizococcus McKenzie, come very close to
Atrococcus. The genus Chorizococcus has 0-4 pairs of cerarii and Spilococcus has
6-17 pairs ; these are the only distinguishing characters. The number of cerarii in
Atrococcus is 1-7 pairs, combining the characters of the other two genera and, indeed,
Chorizococcus brevicruris McKenzie with 2 pairs of cerarii and with a noticeable
lateral group of tubular ducts and multilocular disc pores on the prothorax could
easily be placed in Atrococcus except for the absence of the black colour after death.
For the purposes of this work the three genera are regarded as distinct but the
discovery or redescription of other species in these genera may clarify the position.

The following species, including one from the Channel Islands, may be separated
by the key :

1 Cerarii on anal lobes only ; oral rim ducts numerous, about 20 on each tergite

luffi (Newstead)
Cerarii 3-7 pairs ; oral rim ducts less numerous, about 6 to each tergite ... 2

2 Cerarii 3-4 pairs ; noticeable groups of multilocular disc pores in submedian areas of

dorsum ; number of multilocular disc pores on prothorax equals or exceeds that of
tubular ducts .......... cracens sp. n.

Cerarii 6-7 pairs ; dorsal multilocular disc pores on margins only of posterior abdominal
segments ; multilocular disc pores on prothorax always less in number than
tubular ducts ......... paludinus (Green)

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCID A E 9

Atrococcus cracens sp. n.

(Text-fig, i)
Pseudococcus paludinus Green, Green, 1934 : TI1 - (Misidentification.)

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. External appearance not known although Green has
recorded it as forming ovisacs in the angles of prominent leaf veins. Material has
been examined from the following localities : ENGLAND. Surrey : Guildford,
Centaurea nigra, 2i.vii.i922 (E. E. Green). Kent: Bearsted, Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum, i6.ix.i932 (E. E. Green). Hampshire: Yateley, Crepis sp., 25. ix.
1926 (E. E. Green). Berkshire : Silwood Park, Achillea sp., 27. vi. 1949, (Holotype)
Deschampsia caespitosa, 27. x. 1948, Veronica sp., 3i.viii.i948 (K. L. Boratynski).
WALES. Flintshire: Prestatyn, grass, viii.i9i8, R. Newstead.

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. An ovoid-elliptical species about 2-5 mm. long. Antennae
8-segmented, 355-365 microns long. Legs well developed, slender, posterior coxae with a few
translucent pores. Trochanter + femur 225-240 microns, tibia + tarsus 240-260 microns.
Labium 95 microns long. Circulus absent. Ostioles present with about 8 trilocular pores and
i or 2 setae on each lip. Anal ring with 6 setae in length about twice diameter of ring. Cerarii
on last 3-4 segments of abdomen only ; anal lobe cerarii each with a pair of slender conical setae
and a loose group of trilocular pores accompanied by 3-4 auxiliary setae and surrounded by a
small area of sclerotization. Anterior cerarii similar but cerarian setae smaller and without
auxiliary setae.

Dorsal setae not numerous, all short and slender. Multilocular disc pores in small submarginal
groups on the abdominal segments anterior to anal lobes and in noticeable submedian groups
on all segments including head except segments IX + X. Tubular ducts with oral collar of two
sizes, present in small numbers around the abdominal margins and associated with the submar-
ginal groups of multilocular disc pores. Tubular ducts with oral rim arranged in more or less
single transverse rows, a common number being about 8. Trilocular pores present.

Ventral surface with a small elongate area of sclerotization on each anal lobe terminating in an
apical seta longer than anal ring setae. Other ventral setae slender but longer than those on
dorsum. Multilocular disc pores numerous in double or triple rows at posterior edges of segments
V-VIII and at anterior edges of segments VII and VIII, numerous on segments IX + X and
in a marginal group containing 15-27 pores opposite each anterior coxa ; others present between
each pair of coxae. Tubular ducts with oral collar of same two sizes as on dorsum, a larger type,
numerous in submarginal groups on the posterior abdominal segment, these often extending to
the submedian areas ; there being also about 10-15 within each group of multilocular disc pores
on prothorax. A smaller type of duct situated mainly in a transverse row on each of posterior
abdominal segments. Tubular ducts with oral rim arranged in pairs around the margins of
prevulvar abdominal segments and in numbers of 1-4 opposite the spiracles. Trilocular pores
not numerous.

NOTES. This species may be easily distinguished from others in the genus by the
presence of dorsal groups of multilocular disc pores. It comes closest to A. paludinus
(Green) from which it differs in possessing fewer cerarii and in the larger proportion
of multilocular disc pores to tubular ducts opposite the first coxae.

The accompanying illustration has been prepared from material kindly made
available by Dr. K. L. Boratynski.

D. J. WILLIAMS

'f't'/ - *'."'.'.'*.

N - * ' r" " / i * ' i'f ' *'' I 1

%*''"' ' "" :

^\^c^ ( '-l!^

FIG. i. Atrococcus cracens sp. n.

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCID AE n

Atrococcus luffi (Newstead) (comb, n.)
(Text-fig. 2)

Dactylopius luffi Newstead, 1901 : 85.
Pseudococcus luffi (Newstead), Green, 1925 : 520.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. The ovisac is, apparently, rather closely felted, long,
cylindrical, and of equal width throughout ; female remaining uncovered at the
cephalic extremity. Newstead did not mention the colour but Green described it as
pale flesh-colour, thinly dusted with white mealy powder. All of this material is now
black and the specimens become purple-brown or black in potash. Described
originally from CHANNEL ISLANDS, Guernsey, on lower stems and roots of Lepigonum
rupestre, now Spergularia rupicola. Other specimens seen, all from Guernsey, are
on Silene maritima, Petit Bot, Vazon Bay and on Armeria vulgaris, Houmet Benest.
This is one of the species described from the Channel Islands which so far has not
been collected in Britain.

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Shape ovoid, about 2-5 mm. long, anal lobes poorly developed.
Antennae 8-segmented, about 415 microns long. Labium 115-120 microns long. Legs normal,
posterior coxae with a few translucent pores ; trochanter + femur 245-260 microns, tibia +
tarsus 260-285 microns. Circulus absent. Ostioles well developed with inner edges of lips
sclerotized and a few trilocular pores and an occasional seta on each lip. Anal ring with 6 setae
twice length of ring at its greatest diameter. Cerarii represented by a single pair on anal lobes
only, each with a pair of slender conical setae and about 8 trilocular pores.

Dorsal setae mainly short and slender, not numerous. Oral rim ducts in more or less single
transverse rows on the abdominal segments, a common number being about 20 on each segment ;
on the thorax they tend to be in double transverse rows but anteriorly they become scattered.
Segments III-VIII with small submarginal groups of multilocular disc pores and tubular ducts
with oral collar of two sizes, a larger type usually mingled with the disc pores or just posterior
to them and a smaller type just anterior to the groups. Trilocular pores evenly distributed.
Simple circular pores, slightly larger than a trilocular pore, present in small numbers.

Ventral surface of each anal lobe with a small area of sclerotization and an apical seta longer
than anal ring setae. Ventral setae mainly longer and stouter than those on dorsum. Multi-
locular disc pores rather numerous in the mid-region of the fourth and posterior segments and
in submarginal groups on all abdominal segments but these becoming less numerous anteriorly ;
a noticeable submarginal group of about 12 pores also present opposite each anterior coxa.
Tubular ducts with oral collar of two sizes and similar to those on dorsum ; a smaller type in
transverse rows in the middle of the posterior abdominal segments and a few in the submarginal
areas ; a larger type present just anterior to the multilocular disc pores in the mid-region of
the abdomen and mingled with the submarginal groups, there being also 3-4 associated with
the submarginal groups of disc pores on the prothorax. Tubular ducts with oral rim in small
numbers around the submargins of abdomen and on the pro- and mesothorax where they occupy
the median areas also. Trilocular pores sparse. Simple circular pores present but not numerous.

Atrococcus paludinus (Green)
(Text-fig. 3)

Pseudococcus paludinus Green, 1921 : 191.
Atrococcus paludinus (Green), Goux, 1941 : 80.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Described from Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, ENG-
LAND, on the under surface of the foliage of Eupatorium cannabinum, Symphytum

D. J. WILLIAMS

FIG. 2. Atrococcus luffi (Newstead).

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCI D AE 13

officinale, Urtica sp., Lysimachia sp., Convolvulus sp., and Spiraea sp. This is the
only correct record as other specimens collected or recorded under this name are
referred to A. cracens. Green described the insect as " Adult female brownish pink,
masked (on the dorsum) by a thin covering of white pulverulent secretion. Posterior
extremity with a pair of short, stout, waxy tassels, with a smaller tassel on the sides
of each of the two preceding segments. Younger examples are of a pale olivaceous
colour."

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. An ovoid species attaining a length of 2-5 mm., anal lobes
moderately developed. Antennae 8-segmented, 395-475 microns long. Legs slender, well
developed, with translucent pores on hind coxae, trochanter + femur 330-370 microns, tibia +
tarsus 325-380 microns. Labium 130-140 microns long. Ostioles present, each lip with a few
trilocular pores and i or 2 setae. Anal ring setae about twice length of diameter of ring. Cerarii
numbering 6-7 pairs on posterior abdominal segments only ; anal lobe cerarii, each with a pair
of slender conical setae surrounded by a loose group of trilocular pores and a few auxiliary setae.
Other cerarii similar but cerarian setae becoming more slender anteriorly and without auxiliary
setae.

Dorsal setae short and slender, not numerous. Tubular ducts with oral collar and multilocular
disc pores in submarginal groups up to segment IV where they become less numerous ; always
with a larger proportion of ducts to pores ; an occasional multilocular disc pore also present in
median areas of posterior abdominal segments. Tubular ducts with oral rim on all segments
except IX + X, in single transverse rows, a common number being about 6. Trilocular pores
evenly distributed.

Ventral surface with a small elongate area of sclerotization on each anal lobe and with a stout
apical seta longer than anal ring setae. Ventral setae sparse, all slender but longer than those on
dorsum. Multilocular disc pores numerous around margins of second and posterior abdominal
segments and abundant in transverse rows on fifth and posterior segments ; a few also present
in mid-region of some anterior segments. Another group of 2-8 always present lateral to first
coxae, these accompanied by a group of 8-45 tubular ducts with oral collar similar to those on
dorsum, the number of ducts although variable, always greater than number of multilocular
disc pores. Other tubular ducts numerous in submarginal groups on second and posterior
segments ; present also in median areas of some anterior abdominal segments. A smaller type
of duct, with oral collar, sparse in median areas of posterior abdominal segments and occasionally
near margins. Tubular ducts with oral rim arranged singly or in pairs around the submargins
as far anterior as meta thorax and a group of 5-6 opposite each first spiracle. Trilocular pores not
numerous.

BALANOCOCCUS gen. n.

Type of genus Riper sia scirpi Green.

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Pseudococcidae with elongate oval body, anal lobes poorly
developed. Antennae 6-segmented. Legs normal. Anterior and posterior ostioles present, poorly
developed. Circuli present or absent, up to 3 small oval circuli present in one species. Anal
ring with a double band of pores and 6 setae. Cerarii numbering i or 2 pairs on abdomen only.
Tubular ducts with oral collar on dorsum and venter, in zone around body, these of a distinctive
shape, the collar flange-shaped and occupying either half or nearly half of total length of duct.
Multilocular disc pores forming zone around entire body on both dorsum and venter, and present
in transverse rows on abdomen. Trilocular pores evenly distributed.

NOTES. This genus comes closest to Kiritshenkella Borchsenius but differs mainly
in having the trilocular pores evenly distributed over the body whereas one of the

D. J. WILLIAMS

.

-irA. . *V -:-,<'

FIG. 3. Atrococcus paludinus (Green).

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCI D AE 15

important characters of Kiritshenkella is the concentration of trilocular pores on the
mid-line of both surfaces. Furthermore, there are in Kiritshenkella only posterior
ostioles which are well developed, whereas Balanococcus possesses 2 pairs and these
are poorly developed. Although the tubular ducts of both genera are similar, those
of Kiritshenkella seem to be much flatter and are described as disc-like.

The writer is much indebted to Professor N. S. Borchsenius for kindly examining a
photograph of the accompanying illustration of B. scirpi and advising on its differences
with Kiritshenkella.

The two species of Balanococcus may be separated by the following key :

Cerarii present on anal lobes only, circuli absent .... scirpi (Green)

Cerarii present on anal lobes and segment VIII, circuli 3 in number . boratynskii sp. n

Balanococcus boratynskii sp. n.

(Text-fig. 4)

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. External appearance not known. Found under the
leaf sheaths of Deschampsia caespitosa, ENGLAND, Berkshire, Silwood Park, 31 . v . 1945
(K. L. Boratynski).

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Body elongate with almost parallel sides, length about 3-5 mm.,
anal lobes moderately developed. Antennae 6-segmented, 260-310 microns long. Legs rather
small and slender, posterior coxae with a few translucent pores ; trochanter -f femur 190-220
microns, tibia + tarsus 200-240 microns. Labium 70-75 microns long. Circuli 3 in number,
small and oval, the posterior circulus much smaller than others. Ostioles poorly developed
with 1-3 trilocular pores on each lip. Cerarii on anal lobes and segment VIII only, anal lobe
cerarii, each with a pair of slender conical setae accompanied by 5-6 trilocular pores and a
single auxiliary seta. Penultimate cerarii usually with a single conical seta and i or 2 trilocular
pores. Anal ring with 2 rows of pores and 6 setae about twice length of diameter of ring.

Dorsal surface with rather numerous setae, all short and slender. Trilocular pores with an
even distribution. Multilocular disc pores in a marginal zone around entire body, more numerous
at anterior and posterior ends ; present also in transverse rows on segments VI-VIII. Tubular
ducts short with large oral collar occupying slightly less than half total length of duct. They are
interspersed with the multilocular disc pores around the margins and form transverse rows on
abdominal segments ; a few scattered on head.

Ventral surface with each apical seta slightly shorter than anal ring setae. Ventral setae
similar to those on dorsum but some on head and posterior segments tending to be longer.
Trilocular pores evenly distributed. Multilocular disc pores present in a transverse row on
segment V and abundant in transverse rows on posterior abdominal segments. Abundant also
in a marginal zone around entire body. Tubular ducts of one size only, similar to dorsal ducts,
situated in transverse rows on segment V and posterior segments. Present also in a marginal
zone among the multilocular disc pores and particularly numerous in marginal groups on segment
VI and posterior segments.

The writer has much pleasure in naming this species after Dr. K. L. Boratynski
who kindly made available material for study and who has helped in many other
ways during the preparation of this work.

16

D. J. WILLIAMS

o

F$f?*$.

./o ' "... / /:.

o/.. ' /. ' F

o. . .

v./ ,V- : r*, :

^v.-:\;-\ : ':'..'

.. . : --; . . ; , .i ... "f '

FIG. 4. Balanococcus boratynskii sp. n.

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCID AE 17

Balanococcus scirpi (Green) (comb, n.)

(Text-fig. 5)
Ripersia scirpi Green, 1921 : 192.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. This species was described by Green as " Concealed
at base of stems of Scirpus caespitosa [Trichophorum caespitosum], in boggy
ground ; Camberley." [Surrey, ENGLAND.] The adult is apparently pink coloured
and concealed beneath a coating of white mealy secretion.

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Adult female elongate, sides subparallel, widest across fourth
abdominal segment, length approximately 3-5 mm., posterior end rounded. Antennae 6-seg-
mented, 150-190 microns long. Legs small and slender, posterior coxae with a few translucent
pores, trochanter + femur about 130 microns, tibia -f- tarsus 105-130 microns. Labium 50-60
microns long. Anterior and posterior ostioles represented by mere slits without trilocular pores
or setae on the lips. Circulus absent. Anal ring with 2 rows of pores and 6 setae about twice as
long as diameter of ring. Anal lobe cerarii present only, each with a pair of conical setae set
close together and surrounded by about 4 trilocular pores.

Dorsal surface with small pointed setae, not numerous. Trilocular pores sparse but with an
even distribution. Multilocular disc pores situated mainly in a narrow zone around the margins,
the heaviest concentrations on the head and posterior abdominal segments. Others extending to
median areas of segments VI and VII and occasionally in median areas of some anterior segments.
Tubular ducts short, oral collar large, occupying about half total length of duct. A few present
on head margins, a few on margins of fourth and posterior segments and small concentrations on
segments VII-IX where they also occupy the median areas.

Ventral surface with apical setae shorter than anal ring setae. Body setae small and sparse on
each segment but tending to be more numerous towards margins. Trilocular pores in transverse
groups in median areas. Multilocular disc pores numerous in a submarginal zone around body.
They are also scattered on head and form transverse rows on segments VII-IX. Tubular ducts,
similar to those on dorsum, situated around body within zone formed by multilocular disc pores.
A smaller type of duct but otherwise similar in all respects, confined to median areas of segments
VII, VIII and IX + X.

Chnaurococcus Ferris
Chnaurococcus Ferris, 1950 : 40.

Type of genus Ripersia villosa Ehrhorn.

This genus was erected for two rotund species each with 6-segmented antennae
and with a single pair of cerarii on anal lobes only. The following species seems to
belong to this genus although like C. trifolii (Forbes), it lacks the dorsal tubular
ducts of the type species.

Chnaurococcus subterraneus (Newstead) (comb, n.)
(Text-fig. 6)

Ripersia subterranea Newstead, 1893 : 79.

Ripersia tomlinii Newstead, Newstead, 1903 : 187 (in part).

Ripersia subterranea Newstead, Newstead, 1903 : 189.

Ripersia formicarii Newstead, In Donisthorpe, 1907 : 5 (syn. n.).

Ripersia europaea Newstead, Green, 1921 : 191. (Misidentification.)

Ripersia europaea Newstead, var., Green, 1926 : 183.

ENTOM. 12, I. 2

i8

D. J. WILLIAMS

/a^ ^i

;>CQ

D

ft

d

FIG. 5. Balanococcus scirpi (Green).

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCID AE 19

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Newstead described the insect originally as " female
adult ; dark red-brown, turns dark purple in caustic potash ". Specimens have been
examined from the following localities : ENGLAND. Norfolk : Ingoldisthorpe, King's
Lynn, on roots of Nardus stricta in nests of Formica flava (types). Dorsetshire :
Portland, nest of Lasius niger. Cornwall : Pudstone, nests of Lasius niger, 8 . vii . 1920
(H. Donisthorpe) ; Stepper Point, vii. 1920. Somersetshire: Porlock, nests of
Lasius niger, v. 1915 (W. C. Crawley) ; Minehead, nest of Lasius niger, ix. 1920 (E. E.
Green). Devonshire: Dartmouth, nest of Lasius niger (H. Donisthorpe). Gloucester-
shire: Bristol, in ant's nest, vii. 1924 (H. Donisthorpe). Sussex: Eastbourne,
nests of Lasius niger, 6.xi.i924 (H. Donisthorpe). Kent : Charing, with Lasius
niger (type of R. formicarii). SCOTLAND. East Lothian, North Berwick Law (E. E.
Green).

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. A broadly oval species measuring approximately 2 mm. long ;
anal lobes moderately developed. Antennae 6-segmented, 235-260 microns long. Legs small and
stout, normal, trochanter + femur 180-190 microns, tibia + tarsus 190-200 microns. Labium
105-115 microns long. Circulus absent. Ostioles well developed, with inner edges of lips sclero-
tized and each lip with 4-5 trilocular pores and an occasional seta. Anal ring with a double
band of pores and 6 setae only slightly longer than diameter of ring. Cerarii represented by a
pair on anal lobes only, each with a pair of short conical setae, these usually straight but sometimes
curved and surrounded by a loose group of 6-7 trilocular pores.

Dorsal and ventral setae short and mainly rather stout. Apical setae longer than anal ring
setae. Trilocular pores somewhat numerous and evenly distributed on both surfaces. Ventral
surface with multilocular disc pores on fifth and posterior segments only, in single or slightly
irregular transverse rows at posterior edges of segments. Tubular ducts of one size, on venter
only, situated in single transverse rows at middle of most abdominal segments and in small
submarginal groups.

NOTES. This species comes closest to C. trifolii (Forbes), another species found in
ants' nests and known from U.S.A., but differs in possessing only 6-7 trilocular pores
with each cerarius whereas in C. trifolii the numbers of trilocular pores are much
more numerous.

CHORIZOCOCCUS McKenzie

Chorizococcus McKenzie, 1960 : 692.

Type of genus Chorizococcus wilkeyi McKenzie.

This genus was erected for species with oral rim ducts, the cerarii numbering
from 0-4 pairs without auxiliary setae except those on anal lobes. It differs from
Spilococcus mainly in possessing fewer cerarii but is almost identical with Atrococcus
discussed earlier. So far as is known, all species of Spilococcus are yellow or pinkish
but species of Atrococcus are black, especially after death, and turn a distinct black
or blue-black in potash. For the purposes of this work the genera are regarded as
distinct.

Chorizococcus lounsburyi (Brain)

Pseudococcus lounsburyi Brain, 1912 : 179.

Pseudococcus (Trionymus) peregrinus Green, 1925^ : 40, 41 (syn. n.).

Trionymus lounsburyi (Brain), Ferris, In Zimmerman, 1948 : 260, 261.

D. J. WILLIAMS

O

FIG. 6. Chnaurococcus subterraneus (Newstead).

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCI D AE 21

Trionymus lounsburyi (Brain), Ferris, 1950 : 271.
Pseudococcus lounsburyi Brain, De Lotto, 1958 : 96, 97.
Chorizococcus peregrinus (Green), McKenzie, 1960 : 701.

This is a difficult species to identify satisfactorily. It has never been figured ade-
quately from the original type material from South Africa and the only illustration
available is that prepared by Ferris from material collected in Hawaii. McKenzie
has considered, on information received from Dr. H. Morrison, that this material
is the same as that described by Green as Pseudococcus (Trionymus) peregrinus and
differs from C. lounsburyi. This distinction is based mainly on the differences in
colour and habit of the adult female. The writer has examined many specimens
from South Africa, Egypt, Hawaii, Holland and England and, although there is
variation in the numbers of multilocular disc pores and oral rim ducts, there is little
evidence that the material represents different species. On a request from the author,
Dr. H. Morrison has kindly re-examined material at Washington and has come to
similar conclusions, although he has stated that the results must be regarded as
tentative until more material is studied. As C. peregrinus comes within the known
range of variation, the name is sunk as a synonym of C. lounsburyi. The variation
has also been discussed by De Lotto who has examined many specimens from Africa.
For the time being the illustration given by Ferris is accepted although the numbers
of multilocular disc pores and oral rim ducts tend to be rather high. As pointed out
by De Lotto there are often multilocular disc pores on the posterior dorsal abdominal
segments.

Although there are exceptions, most of the records are from the plant families
Amaryllidaceae and Liliaceae. Material is at hand from ENGLAND, all under glass,
from Hampshire, Exbury, Nerine roots (peregrinus type) and Surrey, Abinger
Hammer, on bulbs of Crinum sp., Sprekelia sp. and Hippeastrum sp. Other material
has also been examined from England, without locality, from the bulbs of Amaryllis
sp.

DYSMICOCCUS Ferris
Dysmicoccus Ferris, 1950 : 53.

Type of genus Dactylopius brevipes Cockerell.

The writer has accepted the interpretation of this genus given by McKenzie (1960)
and a further discussion is given under Trionymus. Only two species recorded from
Britain belong to the genus and these may be separated as follows :

Body elongate, multilocular disc pores numerous in transverse rows on posterior

abdominal segments of venter ...... walkeri (Newstead)

Body rotund, multilocular disc pores few, situated around vulva only wistariae (Green)

Dysmicoccus walkeri (Newstead) (comb, n.)
(Text- fig. 7)

Dactylopius walkeri Newstead, 1891 : 164.
Dactylopius walkeri Newstead, Newstead, 1903 : 169.
Pseudococcus walkeri (Newstead), Fernald, 1903 : 112.
Pseudococcus walkeri (Newstead), Green, 1916 : 31.
Pseudococcus walkeri (Newstead), Green, 1925 : 517.

D. J. WILLIAMS

D

O

o

FIG. 7. Dysmicoccus walkeri (Newstead).

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCID AE 23

Pseudococcus walkeri (Newstead), Green, 1926 : 182, 183.
Pseudococcus walkeri (Newstead), Green, 1928 : 30.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Described as " Elongate brown. Antennae and legs
pale yellow-brown, covered with a dense white powder ; the cottony appendages of
the margin stout, six of these at the abdominal extremity longer and stouter than the
others, the second pair longest and very stout, in length equal to width of body. . . . ".
This is normally a grass-infesting species and specimens have been examined from
the following localities : ENGLAND. Cheshire : Manley, near base of Agrostis tenuis,
ix.iSgo (R. Newstead). Surrey: Camberley, vii.igis, 13. ix. 1920, viii.1922,
5.ix.i922, viii.1926 (Calluna sp. stems), 22.viii.i939 (E. E. Green) ; Ashtead,
22.viii.i939. Kent: Bearsted, 14. ix. 1926 (E. E. Green). Somersetshire: Cheddar,
viii.1926 (E. E. Green). WALES. Brecknockshire : Llangammarch, ix.i925 (E. E.
Green). Montgomeryshire: Nant Cwmdu Aberhosan, 2o.vii.i9i9 (R. Newstead).
SCOTLAND. East Lothian : Aberlady, viii-1925 (E. E. Green). Aberdeenshire :
Monymusk, viii.1920 (F. Laing). CHANNEL ISLANDS. Herm : Petit Bot.

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. An elongate-oval species measuring up to 4-5 mm. long, anal
lobes poorly developed. Antennae 8-segmented, 410-515 microns long. Legs normal, trochanter
+ femur 370-395 microns, tibia -f- tarsus 375-440 microns. Labium 125-130 microns long.
Circulus not large, rounded. Ostioles with 3-4 trilocular pores and 2-3 setae on each lip. Anal
ring with 6 setae twice as long as its diameter. Cerarii numbering 15-17 pairs, usually 15 pairs,
those lacking being on the head ; anal lobe cerarii each with a pair of conical setae and numerous
trilocular pores accompanied by about 10 auxiliary setae and all borne on a distinct area of
sclerotization, larger in area than anal ring. Anterior cerarii each with smaller cerarian setae, a
few trilocular pores and one or two auxiliary setae.

Dorsal setae of various sizes but mainly short and slender. One or two multilocular disc pores
usually present on penultimate segment. Tubular ducts with oral collar of 2 sizes, a larger type
numerous on all segments and a smaller type sparse on some of the posterior abdominal segments.
Trilocular pores evenly distributed.

Ventral surface with a small area of sclerotization on each anal lobe terminating at a stout
apical seta longer than anal ring setae. Ventral setae rather numerous, all slender but mainly
longer than those on dorsum. Multilocular disc pores numerous on posterior abdominal segments,
there being double or triple rows on the posterior edges of segments VI-VIII and on the anterior
edges of segments VII and VIII ; numerous also on segments IX + X, a few also present
behind first coxae, occasionally at random on thorax. Tubular ducts of same sizes as on dorsum,
a larger type on fourth and posterior segments and numerous on margins of posterior abdominal
segments ; smaller marginal groups present on thorax and head. A smaller type of duct in median
areas of fourth and posterior segments only, sparse. Trilocular pores present.

NOTES. This species comes close to D. timberlakei (Cockerel!) , another elongate
species on grasses described from U.S.A. and with 17 pairs of cerarii but in this case
the circulus is moderately large and divided by a distinct intersegmental furrow.
In D. walkeri the circulus is oval and not divided.

Dysmicoccus wistariae (Green) (comb, n.)

Pseudococcus wistariae Green, 1923 : 218.
Pseudococcus piricola Siraiwa, 1935 : 69 (syn. n.).
Pseudococcus cuspidatae Rau, 1937 : *95 ( svn - n -)-
Dysmicoccus cuspidatae (Rau), Ferris, 1950 : 61.
Dysmicoccus piricola (Siraiwa), Takahashi, 1957 : 3-

24 D. J. WILLIAMS

This species was described from material collected on Wistaria sp. at a Japanese
nursery garden, presumably under glass, at St. Albans, Hertfordshire, ENGLAND.
Dr. Harold Morrison has kindly examined a specimen and he agrees that it is identical
with D. cuspidatae described from U.S.A. The latter name has already been synony-
mized by Takahashi with D. piricola described from Japan. Ferris has redescribed
and illustrated this species under D. cuspidatae.

EURIPERSIA Borchsenius
Euripersia Borchsenius, 1948 : 955.

Type of genus Euripersia amnicola Borchsenius.

Two British species are included in this genus on the basis of the descriptions of
E. amnicola Borchs. and E. brevispina recently described by Borchsenius & Ter-
Gregorian (1956). The essential features of the genus are the oval body ; antennae
6-7-segmented ; claw with a denticle although at times absent ; quinquelocular
disc pores usually present on venter although in the type species they are present
only in the first stage larva ; cerarii numbering at most 3 pairs, 2 of which confined
to segments VIII and IX ; circuli numbering from 1-3 or absent entirely ; multi-
locular disc pores confined to ventral abdominal segments.

Although the two following species were described originally in the genus Ripersia,
they are excluded from this genus despite certain similarities to Ripersia corynephori
Signoret, the type species, redescribed by Reyne (1951). This species has 8-segmented
antennae, 2 pairs of cerarii, multilocular disc pores on both dorsum and venter,
quinquelocular disc pores absent although present in the first stage larva. As very
little else is known about this species and as the following species have no multilocular
disc pores on the dorsum, the genus Ripersia is disregarded from the present study.

The two British species have been mentioned in the literature under a variety of
names and consequently only the original references can be trusted.

Euripersia europaea (Newstead) (comb, n.)
(Text-fig. 8)

Ripersia europaea Newstead, 1897 : 167.

Ripersia tomlinii Newstead, Donisthorpe, 1907 : 5. (Misidentification.)

Ripersia tomlinii Newstead, Green, 1920 : 122. (Misidentification.)

Ripersia tomlinii Newstead, Green, 1925 : 518 (in part).

Ripersia wunni Reyne, 1953 : 235-239 (syn. n.).

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Newstead described this species as " densely clothed
with white mealy wax ; segmentation more or less distinct ". Its most favoured
positions are apparently under stones in ants' nests and they presumably feed on
the fine rootlets. Specimens are known from Britain as follows : CHANNEL ISLANDS.
Guernsey : Watville, ants' nests (B. Tomlin), (europaea types) ; Fort Doyle, under
stones with ants, 9 . ix . 1924 (E. E. Green) ; 29 . xii . 1926, 8 . vi . 1947 (R. H. Le Pelley) ;
also material without data from other localities in nests of Lasius niger. ENGLAND.
Isle of Wight : Blackgang, with Lasius flavus and L. niger (H. Donisthorpe) ; San-
down, nest of Lasius niger, 4^.1910 (H. Donisthorpe) ; Ventnor, 26. ix. 1922 (H.

THE BRITIH PSEUDOCOCCID AE

FIG, 8. Euripersia europaea (Newstead).

26 D. J. WILLIAMS

Donisthorpe). Kent : Dover, nest of Lasius niger (H. Donisthorpe). Sussex :
Eastbourne, with Lasius niger, 6.ix.i924 (H. Donisthorpe). Dorsetshire : Swanage,
14. ix. 1904 (B. Tomlin). Cornwall : Whitsand Bay, with Lasius niger (H. Donis-
thorpe).

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. A small broadly oval species approximately 2-5 mm. long, anal
lobes poorly developed. Antennae 6-segmented, 225-260 microns long. Legs small, claw with
or without a denticle, in some cases only the faintest sign of a denticle or may be present or
absent on different claws of same specimen. Trochanter + femur 155-165 microns, tibia + tarsus
170-205 microns. Labium 90-95 microns long. Circulus absent. Ostioles present, each lip with
about 4 trilocular pores but apparently without setae. Anal ring with a double band of pores
and 6 setae about same length as ring at its greatest diameter. Cerarii numbering 2-4 pairs ;
anal lobe cerarii each with 2 slender conical setae and about 5 trilocular pores, the space between
the setae lightly sclerotized ; penultimate cerarii similar but cerarian setae slightly smaller.
The preocular cerarii often present, although difficult to see. Their presence can be detected by
the paired setae and the small concentration of trilocular pores. Another pair of cerarii sometimes
present on thorax.

Dorsal setae sparse, all small and slender. The only pores present on the dorsum are trilocular,
rather numerous with an even distribution.

Ventral surface with a stout pair of apical setae longer than anal ring setae. Ventral setae not
numerous, all slender and short but tending to be longer than dorsal setae especially on posterior
segments. Multilocular disc pores at anterior and posterior edges of segments VII and VIII and
present on segments IX + X, there being scarcely more than 50 altogether. Quinquelocular
disc pores present in groups around the basal antennal segments and each coxa. Tubular ducts
sparse, of one size only, confined to metathorax and abdomen, forming transverse rows. Trilocular
pores of similar distribution to those on dorsum.

NOTES. Specimens examined of Ripersia wunni Reyne are identical with E. euro-
paea. As pointed out by Reyne, the denticle on the claw is, at times, hardly percepti-
ble and in some specimens it is absent entirely.

Euripersia tomlinii (Newstead) (comb, n.)
(Text-fig. 9)

Ripersia tomlinii Newstead, 1892 : 146, 147.

Ripersia tomlinii Newstead, Newstead, 1903 : 186 (in part).

Ripersia exul Green, 1924 : 46, 47 (syn. n.).

Ripersia mesnili Balachowsky, 1934 : 67-70 (syn. n.).

Ripersia exul Green, Green, 1934 : 1IJ -

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Described by Newstead as " Dull orange-yellow, . . .
Sac of the female globose or ovate, composed of close, white waxy material, very
compact on the inside ;" Green described the ovisac as measuring 5 mm. in diameter.
The insect lives on grass roots in association with ants' nests. Material has been
examined from the following localities : CHANNEL ISLANDS. Guernsey : Moulin
Huet, ix.iSgi (Miss Tomlin) (Type) ; Chappelle dom Hue, 24.vii.i923 (J. R. le B.
Tomlin (exul Type) ; viii . 1958 (R. H. Le Pelley) ; Vazon Bay, ix . 1924 (E. E. Green) ;
Belle Elizabeth; Lihou, ix.1925 (E. E. Green). Herm : ix.i924 (E. E. Green) ;
Rat Is., viii. 1923 (J. R. le B. Tomlin). Alderney : viii. 1892 (W. A. Luff). Sark :
(W. A. Luff). ENGLAND. Suffolk: ix, 1932 (A. S. Watt).

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCID AE

27

j v.v^*.; / . -\

/V\\'v N V Vta:. ^ > '

o

FIG. 9. Euripersia tomlinii (Nevvstead).

28 D. J. WILLIAMS

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Adult female broadly oval about 3-5 mm. long, anal lobes poorly
developed. Antennae 6-7-segmented, 230-260 microns long, the third segment often divided
into two of equal length and the terminal segment often showing signs of division. Legs small
and slender, claw with a distinct denticle ; trochanter + femur 145-175 microns, tibia + tarsus
170-205 microns. Labium 70-80 microns long. Circuli 2 or 3 in number, on the second, third
and fourth segments, all transversely elliptical and with a flat protuberance ; the circulus on the
fourth segment much smaller than the others and sometimes absent. Ostioles with inner edges
of lips sclerotized and with about 3 trilocular pores and an occasional seta on each lip. Anal ring
with 3 rows of pores and 6 setae over twice length of diameter of ring. Cerarii numbering 2 pairs
only ; anal lobe cerarii each with a pair of small conical setae and about 5 trilocular pores, the
space between the setae sclerotized ; a single auxiliary seta present anterior to the cerarius.
Penultimate cerarii similar but cerarian setae smaller.

Dorsal setae not numerous, a short slender type interspersed with a minute lanceolate type.
Tubular ducts present each without noticeable collar, situated more or less in single rows at
anterior and posterior edges of abdominal segments but scattered on thorax and head ; sparse.
Trilocular pores not numerous, evenly distributed.

Ventral surface with apical setae longer than anal ring setae. Ventral setae few, all slender
but longer than those on dorsum. Multilocular disc pores arranged in single rows at anterior
and posterior edges of abdominal segments, mainly in median areas ; a few also present on
thorax. Quinquelocular disc pores present between first coxae and clypeus and labium, usually
very few, in which case they may number about 6 but sometimes they are more numerous and
may be present on the mesothorax. Tubular ducts similar to those on dorsum, situated between
the multilocular disc pores on each of abdominal segments and on the lateral areas ; on the
thorax and head they become scattered. Trilocular pores sparse.

NOTES. Some confusion seems to have arisen in identifying this species. The third
antennal segment is often divided into two segments of equal length and the terminal
segment often shows signs of division. When Green described R. exul he stated that
it differed from R. tomlinii in having more robust antennae and a broader and
shorter labium. It now seems evident that Green based this distinction on misidenti-
fied specimens of Euripersia europaea. The type of R. exul is identical with E. tomlinii.

Specimens of Ripersia mesnili Balachowsky, described from Corsica, also seem to
be identical with E. tomlinii. Balachowsky described the tubular ducts as being on
the venter only but they are present on both surfaces on specimens examined from
Lac de Nino and Bergeries de Paratella mentioned in his original description. The
name R. mesnili is, therefore, sunk as a synonym of E. tomlinii.

HELIOCOCCUS Sul?
Heliococcus Sul9, 1912 : 39-48.

Type of genus Heliococcus bohemicus Sulc.

Since Sulg erected this genus, a few more species were added to it by Goux (1934)
and a number of new species have been described by Borchsenius (1949). By far the
greatest number occurs in the Palaearctic Region but four are known from North
America and one from the Ethiopian Region.

Belonging to the Phenacoccus group with a denticle on the claw and with quinque-
locular pores, the genus is easily recognized by the peculiar crateriform ducts, the
larger ducts often with 1-4 minute setae attached to the base of the duct prominence.
The following species seems definitely to belong to this genus.

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCID AE 29

Heliococcus minutus (Green) (comb, n.)

(Text-fig. 10)
Phenacoccus minutus Green, 1925 t 519.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Described as clustered on the underground stems of
Erica cinerea, CHANNEL ISLANDS, Guernsey, L'Ancresse, September. The adult
female is described as dull purplish. Body rather closely dusted with coarse mealy
secretion. No marginal tassels but with a pair of divaricating liguliform processes
projecting from the anal area. This insect has so far not been found in Britain.

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. A small oval species measuring approximately 1-5 mm. long,
anal lobes well developed, with a dorsal area of weak sclerotization either same size or larger in
area than ring. Antennae g-segmented, 310-370 microns long. Legs normal, claw with a distinct
denticle, trochanter + femur 215-220 microns, tibia + tarsus 225-260 microns. Labium
95-105 microns long. Circulus absent. Ostioles present, each with 4-5 trilocular pores, setae
often absent, especially on the posterior pair, but usually 2-3 present on each lip of anterior pair.
Anal ring with 6 setae about twice length of diameter of ring. Cerarii numbering 18 pairs, each
with 2 lanceolate setae ; anal lobe cerarii with a small concentration of about 6-8 trilocular pores ;
anterior cerarii with cerarian setae much smaller and accompanied by 3 or 4 trilocular pores.

Dorsal surface with minute lanceolate setae. Trilocular pores not numerous but evenly
distributed. Crateriform ducts present, of 3 sizes. The largest type each with 3 minute setae
attached to the base of the duct prominence, situated mainly on the mid-line and around the
submargins but their positions not constant. An intermediate type, usually with 2 setae attached
to the base of the duct prominence, situated mainly in the submedian areas. Both types often
occupying similar positions in different specimens. A small type of duct usually present on the
margins and occasionally in the submedian areas, these very sparse, without setae attached to
the base of the duct prominence but often a single seta in close association with it.

Ventral surface with a pair of stout apical setae longer than anal ring setae. Anal lobes each
with a small elongate strip of sclerotization, not attached to the apical seta. Ventral setae
slender and sparse but a few lanceolate setae, similar to those on dorsum, occupying the lateral
areas. Multilocular disc pores confined to fifth and posterior segments, very few and present in
the median areas at posterior edges of segments. Quinquelocular disc pores in median and
submedian areas, scattered on head and thorax, but lying in transverse rows on abdominal
segments mainly at anterior edges. Trilocular pores sparse. Tubular ducts with oral collar on
abdomen and occasionally on metathorax, situated in single transverse rows but absent in
submarginal areas, there being scarcely more than 20 altogether. A few crateriform ducts of the
same size as the smallest type on dorsum, present around margins of metathorax and some of
abdominal segments.

HETEROCOCCUS Ferris

Heterococcus Ferris, 1918 : 65.
Heterococcus Ferris, Morrison, 1945 : 45.

Type of genus Heterococcus arenae Ferris.

The important characters of this genus are the S-g-segmented antennae, claw
usually with a denticle, and the presence of quinquelocular disc pores on the dorsum
and venter which replace the normal trilocular pores. All the species are found at
the bases of grass stems and only one species is known from Britain.

D. J. WILLIAMS

O

FIG. 10. Heliococcus minutus (Green).

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCI D AE 31

Heterococcus pulverarius (Newstead)

Ripersia pulveraria Newstead, 1892 : 145.
Phenacoccus nudus Green, 1926 : 172.
Heterococcus nudus (Green), Green, 1928 : 21.
Heterococcus pulverarius (Newstead), Williams, 1961 : 673.

The name has been given in error to a few species here discussed under Trionymus.
A redescription and illustration has been given recently by Williams.

ENGLAND. Cheshire : Sandiway, Agrostis tenuis, viii.iSgi (R. Newstead). Surrey :
Camberley, vi.ig25 (E. E. Green). Berkshire : Silwood Park, Holcus mollis, Festuca
sp. 8.viii.i949 (K. L. Boratynski).

NIPAECOCCUS Sulg
Nipaecoccus Suk;, 1945 : 1-48.
Nipaecoccus Suk;, Ferris, 1950 : 103.

Type of genus Dactylopius nipae Maskell.

The members of this genus are characterized by a peculiar blue-green or brown
body content which shows up particularly during the preparation in caustic potash.
There are always some dorsal setae of the same size or near the same size as cerarian
setae and the antennae are usually y-segmented.

Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell)

Dactylopius nipae Maskell, 1893 : 230.
Pseudococcus nipae (Maskell), Fernald, 1903 : 107.
Pseudococcus nipae (Maskell), Green, 1917 : 262, 263.
Pseudococcus nipae (Maskell), Green, 1930 : 10.
Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell), Suk;, 1945 : 148.
Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell), Ferris, 1950 : 109.

A species recorded from palms in a few greenhouses in Britain. For a description
and illustration see the work by Ferris.

ENGLAND. Surrey : Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens, Cocos, Kentiopsis, Sabal,
xii.i9i6. London: Palm (J. C. F. Fryer). SCOTLAND. Midlothian: Edinburgh,
Royal Botanic Gardens, Calyptrogyne sp. ix.iQ25 (E. E. Green).

PELIOCOCCUS Borchsenius
Peliococcus Borchsenius, 1948 : 954.

Type of genus Phenacoccus chersonensis Kiritchenko.

This genus is probably of world wide distribution although the bulk of the known
species is from the Palaearctic Region. The distinguishing features of the genus are
clusters of multilocular disc pores, each cluster with one or more slender tubular
ducts near the centre ; claw with a denticle ; often with quinquelocular disc pores
on the venter.

32 D. J. WILLIAMS

Peliococcus balteatus (Green)
(Text-fig, n)

Phenacoccus balteatus Green, 1928 : 21.

Peliococcus balteatus (Green), Borchsenius, 1949 : 244.

HABIT. Described by Green as" Colour of living examples pale yellow with a fringe
of very short tassels, with a pair of slightly longer tassels at the posterior extremity."
From the under surface of the foliage of various grasses, more particularly on Arrhena-
therum elatius, Cheddar Gorge, Somerset, ENGLAND, viii.1926. This is the only
record for Britain.

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Adult female elongate oval attaining a length of 3-5 mm. in the
available specimens ; anal lobes moderately developed. Antennae g-segmented, 450-490
microns long. Legs normal, rather large, claw with a denticle, trochanter -j- femur 315-350
microns, tibia + tarsus 380-425 microns. Labium about no microns long. Circulus present,
oval. Anterior and posterior ostioles with 2-4 setae and a few trilocular pores on each lip. Anal
ring with 6 setae about twice length of its diameter. Cerarii numbering 1 8 pairs. Anal lobe cerarius
usually with a group of 6 lanceolate setae and a few trilocular pores, the middle setae of the
group surrounding a small sclerotized area. Anterior cerarii each with 2 smaller cerarian setae
except those on head where there are up to 4 setae present ; each cerarius accompanied by a
few trilocular pores. The cerarii often elevated slightly from the surrounding derm, especially
those at the anterior and posterior ends of the body.

Dorsal surface of body with minute setae, sparse, some often with one or two trilocular pores
near the base. Trilocular pores very few. On all segments except IX + X, there are pore clusters
of 3-6 multilocular disc pores, the commonest number being 4. A single minute tubular duct
present in the centre of each cluster. Clusters arranged in transverse rows at posterior edges
of segments except on head where they become scattered.

Ventral surface of each anal lobe with a small area of sclerotization and an apical seta longer
than anal ring setae. Ventral body setae around the margins, small and similar to those on
dorsum ; in the median areas they are slender and much longer. Pore clusters arranged mainly
on head, in transverse rows on segments III-V and around submargins of third and all posterior
segments except IX + X. Multilocular disc pores, smaller than those in clusters, abundant at
posterior edges of sixth and posterior segments. Quinquelocular disc pores few, present in
median areas only between coxae and at anterior edges of segments II-VII. Tubular ducts with
oral collar of one size, in transverse rows just anterior to the multilocular disc pores on segments
VII and VIII and occasionally on margins of these segments. Trilocular pores sparse.

NOTES. This species seems to come close to P. venustus (Green) from Iceland and
P. samtogensis (Rau) from U.S.A. These two species have clusters of multilocular
disc pores consisting mainly of 3 pores, whereas in P. balteatus the clusters consist
mainly of 4 pores. Furthermore P. venustus has 8-segmented antennae and those of
the other two species are 9-segmented. Both P. balteatus and P. saratogensis have a
similar distribution of multilocular disc pores in transverse rows on segments VI-VIII
but P. venustus has an extra row on segment V.

PHENACOCCUS Cockerell

Phenacoccus Cockerell, 1893 : 318.
Phenacoccus Cockerell, Ferris, 1950 : 120.

Type of genus Pseudococcus aceris Signoret.

Some of the important characters of this genus are the S-g-segmented antennae,
a denticle on the claw, cerarii numbering from 9-18 pairs. Although not always

THE BRITISH PSEU DOCOCCID AE

FIG. ii. Peliococcus baltcatus (Green).

ENTOM. 12, I.

34 D. J. WILLIAMS

present, there are often quinquelocular disc pores on the venter and the dorsal setae
are often minute and lanceolate. Borchsenius (1949) has resurrected the genus
Paroudablis Cockerell because the type species Boisduvalia piceae Loew has larger
tubular ducts on the dorsum than on the venter. No such distinction is made here
although two British species possess these larger ducts. Only three species are known
from Britain and these may be separated by the following key :

1 With 9-14 pairs of cerarii .......... 2

- With 1 8 pairs of cerarii .-- . . . . . . . . aceris (Signoret)

2 Cerarii numbering 9 pairs, circuli absent ..... interruptus Green
Cerarii numbering 14 pairs, circuli numbering 2-3, small and with rounded projections

sphagni (Green)

Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret)

Pseudococcus aceris Signoret, 1875 : 329.
Pseudococcus ulicis Douglas, 1888 : 88.
Pseudococcus ulmi Douglas, i888a : 124.
Pseudococcus aceris Signoret, Douglas, 1890 : 153.
Pseudococcus quercus Douglas, 1890 : 154.
Pseudococcus socius Newstead, 1892 : 144.
Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret), Fernald, 1903 : 90.
Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret), Green, 1915 : 180.
Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret), Green, 1921 : 151.
Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret), Green, 1923 : 215.
Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret), Green, 1926 : 182.
Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret), Green, 1928 : 30.
Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret), Ferris, 1950 : 126.

This is one of the most widely spread mealy-bugs in Britain. It is found on a variety
of trees and is, apparently, very common on gorse. Ferris has given an excellent
illustration and in his description he stated that there are 2 circuli present. This
condition is probably the more common, but specimens at hand collected at Adel,
Yorkshire, on gorse have only a single circulus. In other respects they are similar
to the specimens with 2 circuli.

Borchsenius (1949) has accepted the name Phenacoccus quercus (Douglas) for
specimens collected in Armenia on oak, stating that the species differs from P. aceris
in possessing only a single circulus. Two specimens of Douglas' original material
have been prepared and, although they are in poor condition, there is sufficient
evidence of the presence of 2 circuli. It seems possible that the Armenian material
represents a different species.

The specimens actually seen by the writer are listed below but there are many other
records in the literature.

ENGLAND. Berkshire : Windsor, Quercus sp., 1930 (H. Donisthorpe) ; Silwood
Park, Quercus sp., 26. v. 1948, Carpinus betulus, 26.^.1949, Fagus sp., 3. v. 1955
(K. L. Boratynski). Buckinghamshire : Latimer, Ulmus sp., 29^.1929 (F. Laing).
Cheshire : Chester, Sorbus aucuparia, Laburnum sp., Quercus sp. (R. Newstead).
Dorsetshire : Lyme Regis, Ulex europaeus, iv.i92O. Essex : Epping Forest, Quercus
sp., 25. v. 1923 (C. L. Wittycombe) . Hampshire: Bournemouth, Ulex europaeus,
i6.iv.i9O2; Beaulieu, Myrica gale, vi.igig. Kent: Bearsted, Ulex europaeus,

THE BRITISH PSEU DOCOCCID AE 35

London: Lewisham (ulmi Type). Norfolk: Ingoldisthorpe, Ulex euro-
paeus, viii.iSgi (R. Newstead). Northumberland : Riding Mill, Sycamore, vii.igso
(D. J. Williams). Surrey : Camberley, Ulex minor, 3 . xi . 1929 (E. E. Green) ; Oxshott,
Castanea sativa, Fagus sylvatioa, 22. iv. 1921 (K. G. Blair) ; Kew, Apple, 3. .1955
(K. L. Boratynski) ; Peach Hill, Ulex europaeus, I2.vii.i956 (K. L. Boratynski).
Warwickshire: Farnborough, Buxus sempervirens, 25.vii.i922 (R. Newstead).
Wiltshire: Wootton Bassett, peach, 21. iv. 1938. Yorkshire: Wakefield, currant
(R. Newstead) (socius Type) ; Adel, Ulex europaeus, 24. vi. 1956 (D. J. Williams).
SCOTLAND. Kincardineshire : Strachan, Ulex europaeus, 30. iv. 1927 (G. D. Morison).

Phenacoccus interruptus Green
(Text-fig. 12)

Phenacoccus interruptus Green, 1923 : 215.
Phenacoccus interruptus Green, Green, 19250 : 43.
Phenacoccus interruptus Green, Green, 1928 : 30.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Described originally as " Colour pale purplish, masked
by a rather close covering of white powdery secretion." Found on grasses from the
following localities in ENGLAND. Surrey : Camberley, 28.viii.i922 (Type), I5.viii.
1923, 3.ix.i934 (E. E. Green). Somersetshire: Cheddar (E. E. Green).

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Body elongate elliptical, sides subparallel, length about 3-5 mm.
anal lobes well developed. Antennae g-segmented, 380-405 microns long. Legs well developed,
normal ; claw with a distinct denticle, trochanter + femur 240-275 microns, tibia + tarsus
320-340 microns. Labium 90-120 microns long. Circulus absent. Ostioles present ; posterior
pair with about 6 trilocular pores on each lip and apparently without setae ; anterior pair with
about 6 trilocular pores and 4 setae on each lip. Anal ring with 2 rows of pores and 6 setae over
twice length of diameter of ring. Cerarii confined to anterior and posterior ends of body only,
there being 9 definite pairs present. Anal lobe cerarii, each with a pair of well-developed
lanceolate setae and a loose group of trilocular pores accompanied by about 2 minute auxiliary
setae and all borne on a sclerotized plate slightly less in area than anal ring. Cerarii on segments
VIII and VII on smaller sclerotized plates, each cerarius with a pair of short lanceolate setae
and about 4 trilocular pores. On segments VI and V, cerarii each with a pair of setae and 3-4
trilocular pores but not on sclerotized plates. First 3 cerarii on head each with about 3 setae and
fourth with 2 setae, all on sclerotized plates which become progressively smaller posteriorly.
Sometimes single setae, a little stouter than dorsal body setae, present in positions of some of
thoracic cerarii.

Dorsal surface with numerous minute lanceolate setae. Trilocular pores evenly distributed.
Tubular ducts present of one size only, these rather large and without an oral collar, scattered on
head and thorax but forming transverse rows on abdominal segments.

Ventral surface with a small elongate area of sclerotization on each anal lobe and an apical
seta longer than anal ring setae. Ventral setae mainly slender and much longer than those on
dorsum but small lanceolate setae present around margins. Multilocular disc pores on fifth and
posterior segments only. Segment V with about 4 pores only, VI with 24-34, VII with 53-62,
VIII with 66-84, IX -}- X with 36-48. Quinquelocular disc pores in median areas only. Trilocular
pores on abdominal segments and around margins of thorax and head. Tubular ducts narrower
than dorsal ducts, without an oral collar, present in transverse rows on all abdominal segments
and a few in median and marginal areas of thorax.

NOTES. In his original description, Green described this insect as possessing " A
single rather obscure, circular medio- ventral osteole." Furthermore he shows this

D. J. WILLIAMS

o

FIG. 12. Phenacoccus interruptus Green.

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCI D AE 37

in a figure. The holotype specimen shows a round hole in the position of the circulus
but it is evident that it is merely damage, probably caused by a needle as there are
similar holes near it. Other specimens examined show no sign of a circulus and the
species must be considered as not possessing one. Borchsenius (1949) has recorded
this species from Russia as Paroudablis interruptus and possessing a large circulus
but this is probably a different species. A single distorted specimen is at hand from
Dorsetshire collected on sedge which shows a rather large circulus and this is possibly
the same as the Russian species. It has not been possible to describe this species and
the matter is left in abeyance until more satisfactory material is collected.

Phenacoccus sphagni (Green)
(Text-fig. 13)

Pseudococcus sphagni Green, 1915 : 178, 179.
Pseudococcus sphagni Green, Green, 1920 : 119, 120.
Phenacoccus sphagni (Green), Reyne, 1958 : 20.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Colour of adult female pinkish or dull red-brown,
lightly dusted with wax and with wax projections at anterior and posterior ends of
body. Described originally in nests of Formica picea amongst sphagnum moss in
swampy ground. ENGLAND. Hampshire : New Forest, Matley Bog (H. K. Donis-
thorpe) and again in the New Forest, July, 1918. This is the only record for Britain
but Reyne has recently recorded it from Holland.

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Body elongate oval about 4 mm. long, anal lobes well developed.
Antennae 8-segmented, total length 400-450 microns. Legs normal, claw with a distinct denticle.
Trochanter + femur 300-310 microns, tibia -f- tarsus 335 microns. Labium 75-90 microns
long. Anterior and posterior ostioles present, lips each with 2-3 setae and 6-8 trilocular pores.
Anal ring with 2 rows of pores and 6 setae about twice length of diameter of ring. Cerarii number-
ing 14 distinct pairs, those missing being on the meso- and metathorax and second abdominal
segment. Each cerarius with 2 lanceolate setae and a group of trilocular pores. Circuli 2-3 in
number lying on the third, fourth and occasionally fifth abdominal segments. Circulus on segment

III very small with a rounded projection ; circulus on segment IV slightly larger with projection
flattened apically ; circulus on segment V, when present, minute.

Dorsal surface with minute setae. Trilocular pores evenly distributed. Tubular ducts of
one size only, each with oral collar barely perceptible, arranged in a wide band across the meso-
and metathorax and each abdominal segment.

Ventral surface with a stout pair of apical setae longer than anal ring setae and long single
marginal setae on abdominal segments which become progressively shorter anteriorly. Body
setae slender but much longer than on dorsum except for a few minute lanceolate setae around
margins. Multilocular disc pores on sixth and posterior segments only ; numerous on segments
IX + X and at anterior and posterior edges of VII and VIII ; a transverse row on posterior edge
of segment VI. Tubular ducts of two sizes. A larger type, similar to those on dorsum, arranged
singly or in pairs on margins of segments VI-VIII. A smaller type in marginal groups on segment

IV and posterior segments, becoming fewer anteriorly. Small numbers also around margins of
anterior abdominal segments and thorax and in median areas of thorax. Quinquelocular disc
pores very few between anterior coxae, clypeus and labium and an occasional pore on mesothorax.
Trilocular pores evenly distributed.

NOTES. The distinguishing features of this species are the 8-segmented antennae,
the reduced number of cerarii and the small peculiar circuli which are variously
knobbed.

D. J. WILLIAMS

. ,. / .

*:' ;' :#; './;.
/' **/..''

' ' * ''.'"'',>' , ,' f '

.^^/v-:'.-^. :.'

o

FIG. 13. Phenacocats sphagni (Green).

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCID AE 39

PLANOCOCCUS Ferris

Planococcus Ferris, 1950 : 164.

Planococcus Ferris, Ezzat & McConnell, 1956 : 60.

A genus erected by Ferris for a number of species, the essential characters being
the presence of an anal bar on the ventral surface of each anal lobe, 18 pairs of
cerarii, these without auxiliary setae, tubular ducts with oral rim entirely lacking.

Planococcus citri (Risso)

Dorthesia citri Risso, 1813 : 416-418.
Pseudococcus citri (Risso), Fernald, 1903 : 99.
Planococcus citri (Risso), Ferris, 1950 : 165.
Planococcus citri (Risso), Ezzat & McConnell, 1956 : 65.

Newstead (1903) described an insect under the name Dactylopius citri but the
specimens are undoubtedly Pseudococcus latipes Green. The only specimens seen
from Britain are from greenhouses in ENGLAND from various localities and hosts.
Excellent illustrations are available in the works by Ferris and Ezzat & McConnell.

PSEUDOCOCCUS Westwood

Pseudococcus Westwood, 1840 : 118.
Pseudococcus Westwood, Ferris, 1950 : 170.

Type of genus Coccus adonidum Linnaeus.

The limits of this genus were defined by Ferris and the essential features are the
presence of oral rim ducts, at least on dorsum, and 16 or 17 pairs of cerarii with
auxiliary setae.

There are no native British species and, although P.fragilis Brain occurs in the open
in the southern counties, it has been introduced. The others are all greenhouse
species. After remounting most of the specimens at hand, it is evident that all those
identified and recorded as P. comstocki (Kuwana) from imported bananas should be
referred to Dysmicoccus alazon recently described by Williams (1960). Specimens
identified as P. maritimus (Ehrhorn) should be referred to P. latipes Green (=P.
malacearum Ferris). Evidence in recent years suggests that P. latipes is a widespread
species and may have been confused with P. maritimus and P. comstocki. A key to
the British species is given below.

1 With not more than a single oral rim duct dorsally near each of most of cerarii. Multi-

locular disc pores in transverse rows on most abdominal segments ... 2

- With 2-3 oral rim ducts of different sizes dorsally near each of most of cerarii. Multi-

locular disc pores about vulva only ...... adonidum (Linnaeus)

2 With a large oral rim duct dorsally, posterior to each frontal cerarius. Anal lobe

cerarii placed near inner edge of an area of sclerotization . . . latipes Green

- Without large oral rim duct dorsally posterior to each frontal cerarius. Anal lobe

cerarii placed near the centre of surrounding sclerotized area . . fragilis Brain

40 D. J. WILLIAMS

Pseudococcus adonidum (Linnaeus)

Coccus adonidum Linnaeus, 1766 : 740.
Dactylopius longispinus Targioni, 1867 : 1-87.
Dactylopius longispinus Targioni, Newstead, 1903 : 168.
Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni), Fernald, 1903 : 104.
Pseudococcus adonidum (Linnaeus), Ferris, 1950 : 174.

In Britain, a greenhouse species only and, apparently, not so common as hitherto
supposed. ENGLAND. Cambridgeshire : Cambridge, fern, 17. x. 1935 (H. C. James).
Berkshire : Reading, Phormium tenax, 24.viii.i948 (M. I. Crichton). Surrey : Kew,
Royal Botanic Gardens, Stangeria sp., 7 . v . 1896. SCOTLAND. Midlothian : Edinburgh,
Royal Botanic Gardens, Cycas sp. (R. S. MacDougall).

Pseudococcus fragilis Brain

Pseudococcus fragilis Brain, 1912 : 186.
Pseudococcus gahani Green, 1915 : 180.
Pseudococcus gahani Green, Green, 1920 : 120.
Pseudococcus gahani Green, Green, 1921 : 151.
Pseudococcus gahani Green, Green, 1931 : 100.
Pseudococcus fragilis Brain, Essig, 1942 : 351.
Pseudococcus gahani Green, Ferris, 1950 : 180.
Pseudococcus fragilis Brain, De Lotto, 1958 : 96.

Numerous specimens have been examined from various localities in ENGLAND,
SCOTLAND, WALES and CHANNEL ISLANDS, some from greenhouses and others living
in the open, especially in the southern counties. There is an excellent description
and illustration under the name P. gahani in the work by Ferris.

Pseudococcus latipes Green

Dactylopius citri (Risso), Newstead, 1903 : 164. (Misidentification.)
Pseudococcus longispinus var. latipes Green, 1917 : 264.
Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn), Green, 1920 : 121. (Misidentification.)
Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn), Green, 1921 : 151. (Misidentification.)
Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn), Green, 1928 : 31. (Misidentification.)
Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn), Green, 1931 : 99. (Misidentification.)
Pseudococcus malacearum Ferris, 1950 : 185 (syn. n.).

This species is probably the commonest of the greenhouse mealy-bugs in Britain.
It was first described as a variety of P. longispinus and later Green regarded it as
being identical with P. maritimus but it is quite distinct from both. A detailed
description has been given by Ferris under the name P. malacearum and there seems
to be little doubt that it is the same as P. latipes. The most striking feature is the
anal lobe cerarius with two conical setae surrounded by a crowded mass of pores.
This cerarius is situated at the inner edge of an oval sclerotized area which extends
posteriorly to the base of the apical seta. Very often there is a small prolongation
at the anterior edge of the sclerotized area.

Specimens are at hand on a wide variety of hosts from many greenhouses in
ENGLAND, WALES, SCOTLAND and CHANNEL ISLANDS.

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCID A E 41

RHIZOECUS Kiinckel d'Herculais

Rhizoecus Kiinckel d'Herculais, 1878 : 163.

Rhizoecus Kiinckel d'Herculais, Hambleton, 1946 : 50.

Rhizoecus Kiinckel d'Herculais, Ferris, 1953 : 426.

Type of genus Rhizoecus falcifer Kiinckel d'Herculais.

All the hypogeic mealy-bugs in Rhizoecus and related genera have been studied in
great detail by Hambleton. Differences in number of antennal segments, the lengths
of the claw digitules and the presence or absence of eyes have led Hambleton to place
some of the following species in the genera Ripersiella Tinsley and Morrisonella
(=Coccidella Hambleton). In the present work all species are left in the genus
Rhizoecus following the definition by Ferris (1953) . Six species are known from Britain
and may be identified from the key.

1 Circulus absent ............ 2

Circulus present ............ 3

2 (i) Antennae 5-segmented, abdominal tergites each with 10-16 tritubular pores

falcifer Kiinckel d'Herculais
Antennae 6-segmented, abdominal tergites each with 2 or 3 tritubular pores at most

dianthi Green

3 (i) Multilocular disc pores present on venter, bitubular pores present halophilus (Hardy)

Multilocular disc pores absent on venter, tritubular pores present ... 4

4 (3) With some tritubular pores on median and submedian areas of dorsum, labium

60-85 microns long ........... 5

With a total of no more than 4 tritubular pores on dorsal margins only, labium

90-105 microns long ........ elongatus Green

5 (4) Labium 60-70 microns long ........ albidus Goux

Labium 80-85 microns long ....... cacticans (Hambleton)

Rhizoecus albidus Goux

(Text-fig. 14)

Ripersia halophila (Hardy), Green, 1917 : 262. (Misidentification.)
Rhizoecus (Pararhizoecus) albidus Goux, 1942 : 40.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. In life these insects are white and so small as to resemble
Collembola, for which they may be mistaken. They feed in the soil on the fine rootlets
of grasses and often do extensive damage.

The species was first described from the roots of Festuca sp., at Bessenay, France.
Material is at hand from the following localities in Britain : ENGLAND. Hertford-
shire : Rothamsted, 1936. Shropshire: Newport, 24.^.1939 (H. C. F. Newton).
Staffordshire: 1947 (H. C. F. Newton) ; Newcastle, ix.igGo. Surrey: Camberley
(E. E. Green); Egham, xii.1959 (K. L. Boratynski). Herefordshire: Hereford,
i.i932 (H. E. Durham).

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. A small elongate-oval species measuring approximately 1-5 mm.
long. Posterior end of body rounded. Anal lobes poorly developed, each with i long ventral
seta and 2 long dorsal setae, appearing as a group of 3. Eyes small. Antennae 6-segmented,
geniculate, length 165-170 microns. Legs well developed, trochanter + femur 120-130 microns,
tibia + tarsus 130-135 microns ; claw long and slender with claw digitules as long as or slightly
longer than claw, with a very minute apical knob. Labium 60-70 microns long. Ostioles well
developed, lower lip of each posterior pair without setae or trilocular pores ; other lips each

D. J. WILLIAMS

FIG. 14. Rhizoecus albidus Goux.

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCI D AE 43

with 2-4 setae and 4-7 trilocular pores. Circulus present within borders of segment IV, heavily
sclerotized and cone shaped with distal circular plate containing about 7 circular areas. Anal
ring rather large in comparison to size of body ; anal ring setae about twice length of ring at its
greatest diameter and about same length as apical setae.

Dorsal surface with numerous short pointed setae and forming distinct groups on thorax
and head. Trilocular pores following the general distribution of the setae. Tritubular pores not
numerous, there being rarely more than 3 on any segment of the abdomen or thorax and sometimes
only a single one on mid-line ; tending to be scattered on head. Some very minute tubular ducts
present on abdominal segments, these very simple and heavily sclerotized ; some segments
entirely without ducts and others with at most 6.

Ventral surface with a more or less quadrate sclerotized area containing 4 marginal setae just
anterior to clypeus. Body setae short and slender. Multilocular disc pores absent. Trilocular
pores sparse. The setae and trilocular pores forming groups on thorax and head. Tritubular
pores very few, there being a single marginal pore on some of posterior abdominal segments,
occasionally one on thorax and one between antennal bases. Small tubular ducts, similar to
those on dorsum, arranged 2-6 across some of posterior abdominal segments.

NOTES. Goux placed this species in the subgenus Pararhizoecus because it possesses
a circulus similar to that of the type species R. (Pararhizoecus) petiti Goux. It is left
in Rhizoecm following the definition of this genus by Ferris. Dr. Harold Morrison
has kindly examined specimens of this species and has given valuable comments on
its differences with R. cacticans and R. elongatus.

Rhizoecus cacticans (Hambleton)

Rhizoecits elongatus Green, Green, 1926 : 174 (in part as a misidentitication).
Ripersiella cacticans Hambleton, 1946 : 64.
Rhizoecus cacticans (Hambleton), Ferris, 1953 : 432.

Specimens examined, all from greenhouses, include the following : ENGLAND.
Hampshire : Bournemouth, Phyllocactus sp. (as a misidentification of R. elongatus).
Isle of Wight: Sandown, roots of cactus, 11.1949 (E. Elkan). Essex: Laindon,
Mammillaria sp., roots, xii.1928 (G. Fox-Wilson).

This species belongs to a group similar to R. albidus and R. elongatus. All are
devoid of multilocular disc pores and possess small sclerotized tubular ducts. It
comes closest to R. albidus but differs mainly in the length and shape of the labium
(see key). Ferris has redescribed and illustrated this species.

Rhizoecus dianthi Green
(Text-fig. 15)

Rhizoecus dianthi Green, 1926 : 175.

Morrisonella dianthi (Green), Hambleton, 1946 : 23.

Coccidella dianthi (Green), Hambleton, 194611 : 177.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Appearance in life not known. This species is known
only from the roots of various plants in greenhouses. It was described from Dianthus
plumarius and D. barbatus, ENGLAND, Surrey, Wisley, Royal Horticultural Society's
Gardens, and from other plants in the London area. Collected since from Wisley
on other occasions on various plants. Specimens have also been seen from Hampshire:
Salisbury, Pelargonium sp. roots, viii . 1926 (G. Fox- Wilson). Somersetshire : Taunton,
Adiantum sp., 7 . iii . 1904.

44

I). J. WILLIAMS

I'^jo. 15. Khizoecus dianthi (ireen.

THE BRITISH PSEU DOCOCC1 D A E 45

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Body broadly oval, length about 2 mm. Anal lobes poorly
developed, each with a long ventral apical seta and 2 slightly shorter dorsal setae. Antennae
6-segmented about 170-175 microns long. Eyes present, very small. Legs normal for the genus,
slender ; posterior coxae with a few large oval areas ; trochanter + femur 145-155 microns,
tibia -|- tarsus 145-155 microns. Labium 85-95 microns long. Claw slender with very short
pointed digitules. Ostioles with inner edges of lips sclerotized and with 2-4 setae and 5-8
trilocular pores on each lip. Circulus absent. Anal ring inclined to ventral surface when mounted
on the slide.

Dorsal surface with numerous short slender setae. Trilocular pores evenly distributed. Tritu-
bular pores sparse, there being from 2-4 on some abdominal segments and absent entirely on
other segments ; occasional pores present on thorax and head.

Ventral surface with short setae similar to those on dorsum. Multilocular disc pores few on
posterior abdominal segments only. Segment VII with i or 2, VIII with 4-7, IX + X with 3-6,
there being scarcely more than 12 altogether. Tubular ducts absent. Trilocular pores distributed
fairly evenly. Tritubular pores not constant in position although there is often a single marginal
pore present on one of posterior abdominal segments and a single pore on margins of pro- and
metathorax.

NOTES. This species comes very close to R. cyperalis (Hambleton) described from
El Salvador and both may be identical.

Rhizoecus elongatus Green

(Text-fig. 16)

Rhizoecus elongatus Green, 19250 : 174.
Rhizoecus mesembryanthemi Green, 1931 : 103 (syn. n.).
Morrisonella elongata (Green), Hambleton, 1946 : 25.
Morrisonella mesembryanthemi (Green), Hambleton, 1946 : 33.
Coccidella elongata (Green), Hambleton, 19460 : 177.
Coccidella mesembryanthemi (Green), Hambleton, 1946^ : 177.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Appearance in life not known. A greenhouse species
described from the roots of Phyllocactus sp., ENGLAND, Hampshire, Bournemouth.
Recorded also from the roots of Mesembryanthemum sp., Surrey : Oxted (Type of
R. mesembryanthemi). These are the only records from Britain but specimens are
also at hand, collected by Dr. A. Reyne from Holland, Zeist Utrecht, on Aloe variegata
roots.

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. A small elongate species with parallel sides attaining a length of
2 mm., posterior end rounded, anal lobes with i long ventral seta and 2 slightly shorter dorsal
setae. Antennae 6-segmented, about 240 microns long. Legs normal for the genus, claw slender
and elongate with claw digitules either same length or slightly longer than claw, with minute
apical knob ; trochanter + femur 165-175 microns, tibia + tarsus 190 microns. Labium
elongate, about 90-105 microns long. Eyes present, very small. Dorsal ostioles fairly well
developed ; lower lip of each posterior pair with about 4 trilocular pores and without setae ;
all other lips with 2-4 setae and about 4 trilocular pores. Cerarii absent. Circulus within borders
of fourth abdominal segment, heavily sclerotized in the form of a truncated cone, wider than
deep, the distal circular plate with numerous subcircular areas. Anal ring rather large for size
of body, with 6 setae about twice length of diameter of ring and same length as apical setae.

Dorsal surface of body with numerous short slender setae and trilocular pores, both evenly
distributed on abdomen and metathorax but anteriorly forming large groups so that there are
some areas entirely clear. Minute tubular ducts present on thorax and abdomen ; each in the
form of a simple sclerotized internal tube ; majority of segments with, at most, about 6-8

4 6

D. J. WILLIAMS

o

FIG. 1 6. Rhizoecus elongatus Green.

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCI D AE 47

in a transverse row. Tritubular pores sometimes absent entirely or more often with i or 2 on
margins of each side of body or on one side only, there being usually one on head and others on
some abdominal segments.

Ventral surface with a small sclerotized plate anterior to clypeus. Short slender setae and
trilocular pores numerous on abdomen but anteriorly they become sparse and form definite
groups. Multilocular disc pores and tritubular pores absent. Minute tubular ducts, similar to
those on dorsum, very sparse, there being 2-8 in transverse rows on abdominal segments and
occasional ducts on thorax.

NOTES. This is a distinctive species with reduced numbers of tritubular pores.
In his original description, Green stated that these pores were absent but in the speci-
mens available this condition is very rare as there are usually one or two present on
dorsum. Green's statement of the two different sized limbs in the type slide was due
to the presence also of specimens of R. cacticans. He also stated, in his description
of R. mesembryanthemi, that the body was completely devoid of setae. The original
material has numerous setae and the specimens are identical with R. elongatus.

Rhizoecus falcifer Kiinckel d'Herculais

Rhizoecus falcifer Kiinckel d'Herculais, 1878 : 164.

Riper sia terrestris Newstead, iSgsa : 213.

Ripersia terrestris Newstead, Newstead, 1903 : 190.

Rhizoecus decoratus Green, 1926 : 177.

Rhizoecus decoratus Green, Green, 1928 : 31.

Rhizoecus decoratus Green, Green, 1930 : 10.

Rhizoecus decoratus Green, Green, 1931 : 102.

Rhizoecus terrestris Newstead, Green, 1931 : 102.

Rhizoecus decoratus Green, Green, 1934 : ITI -

Rhizoecus falcifer Kiinckel d'Herculais, Hambleton, 1946 : 53.

Rhizoecus falcifer Kiinckel d'Herculais, Ferris, 1953 : 444.

This species is now known from many parts of the world. In Britain it is found
only in greenhouses on roots of numerous plants and is, apparently, quite common.
Formerly known in Britain under the names Rhizoecus terrestris and R. decoratus,
it was shown by Hambleton that these were the same as R. falcifer. For an illustration,
see the work by Ferris. British specimens examined include the following : ENGLAND.
London : palm roots, 1895 (C. O. Waterhouse) (terrestris type). Yorkshire : Hull,
Eastington, roots of Abutilon sp., iv.i925 (decoratus type). Lancashire : Fallowfield,
Car ex sp., roots, I9.viii.i926 (J. H. Watson). Surrey : Wisley, Royal Horticultural
Society's Gardens, Dracaena sp. roots, 6.iii.i928 (G. Fox- Wilson), roots of various
plants, 5. v. 1953 (D. J. Williams) ; Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens, 2.ii.i932 (G.
Fox- Wilson) ; Richmond, Gardenia roots, xii.igso. Warwickshire: Studley, lily
roots, 27. v. 1935 (J. F. Perkins). IRELAND. Dublin, Adiantum sp., roots, iii.i9oi.

Rhizoecus halophilus (Hardy)
(Text-fig. 17)

Coccus halophilus Hardy, 1868 : 136, 137.

Dactylopius radicum Newstead, 18956 : 235 (in part, misidentification).

Ripersia halophila (Hardy), Newstead, 1903 : 192.

D. J. WILLIAMS

' - : ' ' . rv ./

FIG. 17. Rhizoecus halophilus (Hardy).

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCID AE 49

Ripersia halophila (Hardy), Green, 1921 : 191.
Rhizoecus halophila (Hardy), Green, 1926 : 174.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. The reference to this species has long since been for-
gotten and as it is in a journal which may not be readily available, the full original
description is given below.

" 6. Coccus halophilus, J. H. The Cocci offer few tangible specific characters. The
present species apart from its peculiar habitudes cannot be readily discriminated by
words. It is scarcely a quarter of a line long, oval, opaque white, without a hard
scale, abundantly supplied with a white secretion. Found on the steep sea-banks
near Fastcastle [SCOTLAND : Berwickshire] among the roots of Ligusticum Scoticum,
and Rhodiola rosea ; and afterwards on the roots of Statice A rmeria in the grey wacke
cliffs near Siccar Point. In both cases it follows the long fibrils minutely interwoven
through the loose slaty debris."

Newstead has described the insect as pure white and with two appendages at the
caudal extremity. It feeds only on the roots and is, apparently, not associated with
ants. The known distribution is as follows :

ENGLAND. Norfolk : Blakeney Point, roots of Armeria maritima, vii.igzo (E. E.
Green). Isle of Man : Port Erin, roots of grass, 21 .ix . 1918 (R. Newstead). SCOTLAND.
Fifeshire : Isle of May, roots of grasses, ix.i9i3 (W. Evans). Inverness-shire :
(Outer Hebrides) St. Kilda, grass roots, vi. 1902 (R. Newstead). Ross and Cromarty :
Swordale, roots of Calluna sp., 21.1.1921 (D. J. Jackson). WALES. Anglesey:
Puffin Island, on Armeria maritima. IRELAND. Donegal: among turf, viii.1942
(J. Lister).

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Adult female ovate, about 1-5 mm. long. Posterior end with
poorly developed anal lobes, each with i long ventral apical seta and 2 smaller dorsal setae.
Antennae 6-segmented, total length approximately 155-170 microns. Legs normal, trochanter -f
femur 115-130 microns, tibia + tarsus 130-145 microns, claw with slender digitules about same
length or longer than claw with very small knob at apex. Labium about 75 microns long.
Eyes present, minute. Ostioles well developed, inner edges of lips sclerotized and each lip with
about 2 setae and 2 or 3 trilocular pores ; occasionally without setae. Circulus present within
borders of fourth abdominal segment, sclerotized and small, in form of truncate cone, wider
than deep, distal surface with minute circular areas. Anal ring with 6 setae twice length of its
diameter and about same length as apical setae.

Dorsal surface with slender setae of various lengths but mostly small. Trilocular pores not
numerous. Tubular ducts small and slender without oral collar, in transverse rows of up to 8 on
abdominal segments and becoming scattered on thorax and head. Bitubular pores present,
very sparse, there being a marginal series of about 8 on each side of body and 2 or 3 on midline.

Ventral surface with short slender setae but tending to be longer on posterior abdominal
segments, not numerous. Trilocular pores sparse. Bitubular pores absent. Tubular ducts,
similar to those on dorsum, very few, situated in transverse rows on abdominal segments and
becoming scattered on thorax and head. Multilocular disc pores on seventh and posterior
segments only, there being scarcely more than 50 altogether but some specimens with as few
as 30.

NOTES. The identification of this species is based on those made by Newstead and
Green. It comes very close to Rhizoecus (Pararhizoecus] petiti described by Goux
(1941^) another species with bitubular pores but in this case the multilocular disc
pores are much more numerous and are situated on the fifth and posterior segments
whereas in R. halophilus they are present on the seventh and posterior segments.

ENTOM. 12, 1. 4

50 D. J. WILLIAMS

SACCHARICOCCUS Ferris
Saccharicoccus Ferris, 1950 : 216.

Type of genus Dactylopius sacchari Cockerell.

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Pseudococcidae with y-segmented antennae. Two pairs of dorsal
ostioles present. Circulus longer than wide, situated across the segmental line between fourth
and fifth abdominal segments, medially constricted. Legs without a denticle on the claw. Minute
irregular pores present on the surrounding derm near the attachment of the posterior coxae.
Tubular ducts either few on ventral side of abdomen or numerous on both surfaces. Multilocular
disc pores on dorsum and venter. Cerarii i pair, on anal lobes only.

NOTES. This genus was erected for the single species Dactylopius sacchari, having
many characters similar to those of Trionymus. The description given by Ferris has
been modified to cater for the species described below as new. One of the striking
features of the new species is the large number of small irregular-shaped pores near
the attachment of the posterior coxae. This character is shared also by S. sacchari
but has, apparently, been overlooked. An examination of many correctly stained
specimens of S. sacchari from various localities, shows that these pores are always
present. The long stout marginal setae on the abdomen of S. sacchari are probably
only of specific value and have been excluded from the generic definition as given
by Ferris.

Saccharicoccus penium sp. n.

(Text-fig. 18)

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Description in life not known. Found at the base of
grasses, ENGLAND, Hampshire, Yateley, 25. ix. 1926 (E. E. Green).

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Adult female elongate, with more or less parallel sides, attaining
a length of 3-5 mm. Anal lobes moderately developed. Antennae y-segmented, small, about
240-250 microns long. Legs small and slender, trochanter -f- femur 150-170 microns, tibia +
tarsus 165-175 microns. Labium about 70 microns long. Anterior and posterior ostioles poorly
developed, each lip with 2-3 trilocular pores and lacking setae. Circulus large, longer than wide
with sides constricted, hour-glass shaped. Cerarii represented by anal lobe pair only, each with
2 short conical setae set close together, surrounded by a group of about 7 or 8 trilocular pores and
accompanied by a single auxiliary seta. Anal ring with 6 setae about twice as long as diameter
of ring.

Dorsal surface with short pointed setae, not numerous. Trilocular pores with an even distri-
bution. Multilocular disc pores forming definite transverse rows at posterior edges of segments
V-VIII. Elsewhere on the body they tend to be scattered, although there is a noticeable concen-
tration on the head margin and they are absent or nearly so in the median areas of the thorax.
Tubular ducts of 2 types. A smaller type, slender, without any appreciable oral collar, in trans-
verse rows in the middle of metathorax and abdominal segments. A larger type of duct, each
with a large collar and a larger flange-shaped membranous ring arising from the inner edge of
the collar, situated in transverse rows on segments VI-VIII and in a small group on anal lobes.
Others present around head margins and an occasional one present elsewhere on the body.

Ventral surface with a pair of apical setae only slightly longer than anal ring setae. Body
setae not numerous, all short and slender but tending to be longer than those on dorsum, especi-
ally in median areas. Minute simple pores of different shapes and sizes clustered near posterior
coxae from which they extend laterally and posteriorly to segment III. Trilocular pores evenly
distributed, sparse. Multilocular disc pores abundant in transverse rows at posterior edges of
segments V-VIII. They are also numerous on segments IX + X, at anterior edges of segments

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCIDAE

o

o

FIG. 18. Saccharicoccus peniiuu sp. n.

52 D. J. WILLIAMS

VI VIII and in a submarginal zone around body. Elsewhere they become scattered. Tubular
ducts of same 2 sizes as on dorsum. A smaller type mainly in transverse groups in middle of
segments V VIII. A larger type numerous in marginal groups on abdominal segments, sometimes
extending to median areas especially on posterior abdominal segments. Present also around the
submargins of thorax and head in close association with the multilocular disc pores.

NOTES. This species differs from 5. sacchari in possessing much more numerous
multilocular disc pores and tubular ducts. The minute irregular pores tend to be
concentrated lateral and posterior to the hind coxae whereas in 5. sacchari they are
mostly situated just anterior.

SPILOCOCCUS Ferris

Spilococcus Ferris, 1950 : 219.
Spilococcus Ferris, McKenzie, 1960 : 755.

Ferris erected this genus for species with oral rim ducts and with the cerarii lacking
auxiliary setae. As stated in the discussion on Atrococcus, McKenzie has limited
the genus to those species possessing from 6-17 pairs of cerarii and has erected the
genus Chorizococcus for species with from 0-4 pairs of cerarii. Although Atrococcus
is distinct in having species with a black body content and with the cerarii on abdomen
only, the position is complicated with Spilococcus cactearum McKenzie, a species
with an obvious relationship to other species of Spilococcus yet possessing a black
body content. It is left in this genus for the time being pending further research.

Apart from S. cactearum, the other British species, 5. filicicola (Newstead), is
placed here as a temporary measure.

Spilococcus cactearum McKenzie
(Text-fig. 19)

Pseudococcus mamillariae Bouche, Green, 1930 : 9. (Misidentification.)
Spilococcus cactearum McKenzie, 1960 : 757.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. According to McKenzie the adult female is covered
with an even, light grey secretion. When boiled in caustic potash the body content
turns black or blue-black. So far as is known, the species is confined to the Cactaceae.
Specimens have been examined as follows : ENGLAND. Essex : Laindon, vi.igzS
(T. M. Endean). Middlesex : Pinner, v.ig^j (R. E. Elkan).

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Adult female broadly oval attaining a length of 2-5 mm. Anal
lobes well developed. Antennae 8-segmented, 310-335 microns long. Legs normal, posterior
coxae with a few translucent pores, posterior tibia with a small group of such pores ; claw with
a denticle ; trochanter -f- femur 215-240 microns, tibia + tarsus 240-250 microns. Labium
about 70 microns long. Anterior and posterior ostioles present, inner edges of lips sclerotized,
each lip with 2 or 3 setae and about 6 trilocular pores. Circulus rather large, oval. Anal ring
with a double band of pores and 6 setae about twice length of its diameter. Cerarii numbering
9-14 pairs, those on head and thorax variable in number but there are usually 7 pairs present
on abdomen. Anal lobe cerarii each with a pair of slender conical setae set close together and
accompanied by 5 or 6 trilocular pores and 3 or 4 auxiliary setae, the area at base of cerarian
setae lightly sclerotized. Anterior cerarii each -with setae more slender, sometimes wide apart
but their presence can be detected by a group of 3 or 4 trilocular pores, without auxiliary setae.

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCI D AE

53

FIG. 19. Spilococcus cactearum McKenzie.

54 D. J. WILLIAMS

Dorsal surface of body with very small slender setae, not numerous. Trilocular pores evenly
distributed. Tubular ducts with oral rim on segment VIII and all anterior segments, arranged
in single transverse rows on abdomen, there being rarely more than 6 on each segment ; on the
thorax and head they become scattered.

Ventral surface with a pair of long apical setae longer than anal ring setae. Other setae slender
but usually longer than those on dorsum especially on median areas, not numerous. Multilocular
disc pores on abdomen only, confined to segments posterior to circulus. Arranged in transverse
rows at posterior edges of segments and at anterior edges of segments VII and VIII. Tubular
ducts with oral collar of two sizes. A small type, very few in transverse rows in middle of some
of posterior abdominal segments and on anal lobes, an occasional duct sometimes present on
thorax. A larger type in transverse rows on fourth and posterior segments immediately anterior
to multilocular disc pores and usually continuous with noticeable marginal groups. One or two
also present on thorax. Tubular ducts with oral rim arranged singly or in pairs on margins of
segments IV-VIII but forward to metathorax they are more numerous, often with 2 or 3 on each
segment. There is usually a pair between antennal bases and often i in median area of thorax.
Trilocular pores not numerous but with an even distribution.

NOTES. This species has often been misidentified as Pseudococcus mamillariae
based on the description of Coccus mamillariae Bouche. It has been shown by McKen-
zie, on the basis of a report by Lindinger (1934), that it cannot be the species described
by Bouche and consequently McKenzie has described this black cactus-infesting species
as new. British specimens have been checked against material from France collected
by A. Balachowsky and from Italy collected by G. Paoli.

Spilococcus filicicola (Newstead) (comb, n.)
(Text-fig. 20)

Riper sia filicicola Newstead, 1898 : 96.

Ripersia filicicola Newstead, Newstead, 1903 : 184.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Newstead stated that in life this insect was pale ochreous
yellow or red-pink ; farinose, with broad irregular wax appendages on the margin
of the abdominal segments. The insects also secrete slender iridescent filaments
radiating from the sides of the body.

Known only from a greenhouse in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, ENGLAND,
on the fronds of Trichomanes spicatum, 27 . ii . 1897. It is possible that it will be found
eventually in Central or South America.

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. A broadly oval species, length of available specimens 1-5 mm.,
anal lobes well developed. Antennae 6-segmented, 240 microns long. Legs normal, stout,
trochanter + femur 1 80 microns, tibia + tarsus 170 microns. Labium 105 microns long. Circulus
absent. Ostioles well developed, inner edges of lips sclerotized, each lip with 0-2 setae and
4-6 trilocular pores. Anal ring with a double band of pores and 6 setae about twice length of ring
at its greatest diameter. Cerarii numbering 10 pairs, there being 2 pairs on head and 8 pairs on
abdomen. Anal lobe cerarii each with a pair of stout conical setae and a small group of about
7 or 8 trilocular pores accompanied by 6 auxiliary setae and a few other trilocular pores all
on a large oval sclerotized plate the same area as anal ring. Anterior cerarii each with 3-7 trilocular
pores and a pair of small conical setae except the frontal pair which have 3 conical setae, all
without auxiliary setae.

Dorsal surface sparsely beset with short slender setae. Trilocular pores evenly distributed,
not numerous. Tubular ducts present, of oral rim type, rather large. Each duct often with 1-3
trilocular pores and i or 2 setae immediately surrounding base of oral rim but not attached to it,
although some ducts entirely without these. In the 2 specimens at hand there are 7 ducts

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCID AE

55

*fo

FIG. 20. Spilococcus filicicola (Newstead).

56 D. J. WILLIAMS

equispaced on either side of margin, 2 on mid-line of thorax and a pair in submedian areas of
metathorax.

Ventral surface with small triangular sclerotized area on each anal lobe and an apical seta
shorter than anal ring setae. Body setae few, short and slender but, for the most part, longer
than dorsal setae. Trilocular pores evenly distributed but sparse. Multilocular disc pores in
single transverse rows on median area of abdomen only. Tubular ducts with oral collar very
few, in transverse rows on segments IV-VII. Tubular ducts with oral rim of 2 types. A single
duct, slightly smaller than those on dorsum, but with rim of larger diameter than a multilocular
disc pore, present on either side of segment VI. A smaller type of duct, each with a narrow rim
of smaller diameter than a multilocular disc pore, present around the margins where they are
more numerous on thorax.

NOTES. The placing of this species in Spilococcus is tentative as the dorsal sclero-
tization on the anal lobes and the very large oral rim ducts are not found on other
species in the genus. Although some of the oral rim ducts have one or two setae and
some trilocular pores around the base of the rim, this character is not constant.

SPINOCOCCUS Borchsenius

Spinococcus Kiritchenko, 1931 : 314 (nom. nud.).
Spinococcus Borchsenius, 1949 : 393.

Type of genus Acanthococcus marrubii Kiritchenko.

The main characters of this genus are the 17-18 pairs of cerarii with conical setae,
these elevated slightly from the surrounding derm and with 2-10 trilocular pores
immediately at the base. Dorsal setae similar in shape and size to cerarian setae,
there being usually a row of dorsal cerarii on mid-line. Antennae 8-0,-segmented.
Claw with distinct denticle. Ouinquelocular disc pores on ventral surface.

Spinococcus calluneti (Lindinger)
(Text-fig. 21)

Pseudococcus calluneti Lindinger, 1912 : 90.

Parapedronia calluneti (Lindinger), Balachowsky, 1954 [ r 953] : 2 3-
Spinococcus calluneti (Lindinger), Zahradnik, 1959 : 537.
Spinococcus calluneti (Lindinger), Danzig, 1960 : 176.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Apparently confined to Cattuna spp. and Erica spp.
where it feeds mainly on the roots. Described originally from Germany and found
on two occasions only in Britain as follows : ENGLAND. Cheshire : Chester, roots
and flowers of Erica cinerea, Calluna sp., viii. 1922 (R. Newstead). Surrey : Oxshott,
Calluna vulgaris roots, x.iQ25 (K. Mansour).

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Adult female ovate about 1-5 mm. long. Anal lobes moderately
developed, set well apart. Antennae 7-8-segmented, 245-320 microns long. Legs normal, claw
with a distinct denticle. Trochanter -f- femur 170-180 microns, tibia + tarsus 190-200 microns.
Labium 70-90 microns long. Circulus small and round within borders of segment IV. Ostioles
present, inner edges of lips sclerotized, each lip usually with 3 trilocular pores and an occasional
seta. Anal ring with a double band of pores and 6 setae about twice length of diameter of ring.
Marginal cerarii numbering 18 pairs, the cerarian setae on small projections of the derm. Anal
lobe cerarii each with 2 conical setae on a large sclerotized plate nearly same size as anal ring,
containing about 10 trilocular pores and i or 2 minute setae. Anterior cerarii each with 2 smaller

THE BRITISH PS EUDOCOCCI D AE

57

b

FIG. 21. Spinococcus calluneti (Lindinger).

58 D. J. WILLIAMS

conical setae set close together and with 2-4 trilocular pores immediately around the base, the
base of each seta elevated from the surrounding derm.

Dorsal surface with setae of various sizes but of similar shape to cerarian setae. Dorsal cerarii
each consisting of 2 conical setae situated on mid-line of body, these setae of same size as those
of marginal cerarii. Similar sized setae in transverse rows, each with i or at most 2 trilocular
pores on or near the basal projection ; occasionally replaced by definite cerarii with 2 setae.
Other dorsal setae very small. Multilocular disc pores present in transverse rows on thorax and
abdomen and a few scattered on head. Tubular ducts with a similar distribution to multilocular
disc pores, a single duct usually situated between 2 multilocular pores. Trilocular pores evenly
distributed, not numerous.

Ventral surface with apical setae longer than anal ring setae. Other setae slender, of various
lengths but usually longer in median areas. Multilocular disc pores in transverse rows on abdomi-
nal segments but forming groups towards margins. Marginal groups also present on thorax and
i or 2 pores situated near each coxa. Quinquelocular disc pores present in median areas only on
head and thorax and all prevulvar abdominal segments. Trilocular pores few, absent in median
areas of anterior abdominal segments and thorax. Tubular ducts with oral collar of two sizes.
A larger type, similar to dorsal ducts, around the margin, there being usually a single duct
between two multilocular disc pores. A smaller type, about half the width, mainly concentrated
in median areas of abdomen but some extending laterally among the larger type. An occasional
smaller duct also present in median areas of thorax.

NOTES. The identity of this species is based on specimens from Erlangen, Germany,
collected by H. Schmutterer.

TRIONYMUS Berg

Trionymus Berg, 1899 : 78.

Trionymus Berg, Ferris, 1950 : 251, 1953 : 482.

Trionymus Berg, McKenzie, 1960 : 764.

Type of genus Westwoodia perrisii Signoret.

This genus has been a source of confusion in recent years. It is very close to
Dysmicoccus and it is doubtful if the latter will be accepted when further species
are described. Ferris laid particular stress on the shape of the circulus which, in
Trionymus, should be small and round or oval whereas in Dysmicoccus it should be
large and divided by an intersegmental fold. McKenzie has disregarded the shape of
the circulus and species with 6 or more cerarii are placed in Dysmicoccus and those
with 5 or less are placed in Trionymus.

McKenzie's interpretation is accepted here although difficulties arise with T.
newsteadi. This species possesses 4 or 5 pairs of cerarii and has close affinities with
the genus Dysmicoccus with regard to body form and the shape of the circulus.
Furthermore, its host is Fagus and, although there are exceptions, most species of
Trionymus are found on grasses. As it has no obvious relationship to its present
genus Pseudococcus, it is left in Trionymus for the time being.

This is by far the largest British genus and the 9 species may be separated by the
following key :

1 Anal lobe cerarii borne on a distinct sclerotized plate as large as or larger than area

of anal ring ............ 2

Anal lobe cerarii not borne on a sclerotized plate ...... 5

2 (i) Circulus large, divided by an intersegmental fold .... tomlini Green

Circulus small, round or oval, not divided by an intersegmental fold. . . 3

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCID AE

50

3 (2) Multilocular disc pores absent on dorsum except for total of no more than 4-6 on

some of last abdominal segments ...... dactytis Green

Multilocular disc pores on dorsum in transverse rows ..... 4

4 (3) With 26-45 trilocular pores on the sclerotized plate on anal lobes ; tarsus about

half length of tibia perrisii (Signoret)

With 70-75 trilocular pores on the sclerotized plate on anal lobes ; tarsus about

one-third as long as tibia phalaridis Green

5 (i) With 4 or 5 pairs of cerarii ; circulus large and quadrate-shaped newsteadi (Green)

With i or 2 pairs of cerarii ; circulus small and round ..... 6

6 (5) Tubular ducts with the oral collar nearly half total length of duct radicum (Newstead)

Tubular ducts with the oral collar very small ...... 7

7 (6) Multilocular disc pores absent on dorsum ..... thulensis Green

Multilocular disc pores present on dorsum ....... 8

8 (7) With a single pair of cerarii on anal lobes, cerarian conical setae slender orestes sp. n.

With 2 pairs of cerarii, cerarian conical setae on anal lobes short and stout

diminutus (Leonardi)

Trionymus dactylis Green

(Text-fig. 22)

Pseudococcus (Trionymus) dactylis Green, 1925 : 523.
Trionynius dactylis Green, Green, 1928 : 22.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Appearance in life not recorded. Known only from
beneath the leaf sheaths of grasses. CHANNEL ISLANDS. Guernsey : St. Sampson,
Dactylis glomerata, ix.ig24 (E. E. Green) (Type) ; Petit Bot Bay, Deschampsia
caespitosa, ix.ig2j (F. Laing). ENGLAND. Somersetshire: Cheddar, Dactylis
glomerata, viii.1926 (E. E. Green).

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Body elongate elliptical attaining a length of 5 mm. Anal lobes
moderately developed. Antennae 8-segmented, length 380-425 microns. Legs normal, slender,
posterior coxae with numerous translucent pores, trochanter -f femur 315-340 microns, tibia -f-
tarsus 335-370 microns. Labium 75-80 microns long. Anterior and posterior ostioles present,
each lip with 4-6 trilocular pores and usually without setae although at times one may be
present. Circulus very small, oval. Anal ring with a double band of pores and 6 setae twice
length of diameter of ring. Cerarii numbering 3 or 4 pairs. Anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical
setae on a sclerotized plate, larger in area than anal ring, containing 12 long setae and about 40
trilocular pores. Penultimate cerarii each with 2 smaller cerarian setae accompanied by about
12 trilocular pores and 2 or 3 auxiliary setae and surrounded by a small sclerotized area. Cerarii
on segment VII similar but without sclerotized area. Cerarii on segment VI, when present,
with i or 2 small cerarian setae and 2 or 3 trilocular pores.

Dorsal surface with slender setae of various sizes. Multilocular disc pores either absent entirely
or numbering only 3-4 at most on posterior abdominal segments. Trilocular pores numerous.
Tubular ducts with oral collar of 2 sizes. A larger type, quite numerous on all segments, tending
to form transverse rows on abdominal segments but becoming scattered on thorax and head.
A smaller type present on abdomen, sparse, in transverse rows in middle of segments and occa-
sionally on thorax.

Ventral surface of body with apical setae longer than anal ring setae. Other setae of various
sizes and similar to dorsal setae. Multilocular disc pores on fifth and posterior segments only,
except for an occasional pore , anteriorly. Tubular ducts of same 2 sizes as those on dorsum.
A larger type in transverse groups or rows on fifth and posterior segments and forming rather
large groups laterally. Marginal or submarginal groups also present as far forward as head.
Occasionally single ducts may be present in median areas of thorax. A smaller type of duct

6o

D. J. WILLIAMS

o

o

FIG. 22. Trionymus dactylis Green.

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCID AE 61

mainly present on abdomen across the middle of the segments, much fewer than larger type.
Trilocular pores with an even distribution.

Trionytnus diminutus (Leonard!)

Pseudococcus diminutus Leonardi, 1918 : 198.
Trionymus diminutus (Leonardi), Ferris, 1950 : 261.

Specimens are at hand from CHANNEL ISLANDS, Jersey (G. Fox- Wilson) on Phor-
mium tenax to which plant it seems to be confined. It was described from Italy and
is now known from New Zealand, U.S.A., Formosa and Russia. Ferris has redescribed
and illustrated this species.

Trionymus newsteadi (Green)
(Text-fig. 23)

Pseudococcus newsteadi Green, 1917 : 265.
Trionymus newsteadi (Green), Zahradnik, 1959 : 538.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Described as " Body pale purplish grey ; limbs and
antennae pale stramineous ; venter thinly, dorsum rather thickly and evenly
covered with white mealy secretion ; terminal three or four segments of abdomen
with short, stout, waxy tassels." It is known only from beech. ENGLAND. Surrey :
Camberley, vii.igid, v.1917 (Type), 15. vi. 1932 (E. E. Green). Buckinghamshire :
Chartbridge (E. J. Joseph). Hertfordshire: Berkhamsted, 16.1.1913. Essex: Ep-
ping Forest, 25^.1923 (C. L. Withycombe). Sussex : Midhurst, 18^.1946 (W. J.
Hall). Berkshire : Silwood Park, 31^.1949 (K. L. Boratynski).

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Body broadly oval attaining a length of 3 mm., anal lobes
moderately developed. Antennae 8-segmented, 340-410 microns long. Legs normal, posterior
coxae and tibiae with a few translucent pores. Trochanter -+ femur 260-285 microns, tibia +
tarsus 275-305 microns. Labium 105-120 microns long. Circulus large, posterior edge usually
shorter than anterior edge. Posterior ostioles present only, each lip with 3 or 4 trilocular pores
and apparently without setae. Anal ring with 2 rows of pores and 6 setae, these about twice
length of diameter of ring. Cerarii numbering 4 or 5 pairs on abdomen. Anal lobe cerarii each
with 2 slender conical setae and about 6 or 7 trilocular pores accompanied by 3 or 4 auxiliary
setae, the area around the base of the setae sclerotized. Anterior cerarii on segments VI-VII1
similar but cerarian setae smaller, auxiliary setae absent. Cerarii on fifth segment usually with
setae similar to body setae and accompanied by about 3 trilocular pores.

Dorsal surface with slender setae. Tubular ducts numerous with deep collar occupying nearly
one-third length of duct ; a flange-shaped membranous ring also arising from the inner end of
the collar. The ducts and dorsal setae are arranged in definite groups rather than in transverse
rows leaving bare areas except for trilocular pores which are more evenly distributed, as in the
accompanying diagram.

Ventral surface with apical setae longer than anal ring setae. Body setae slender but mainly
longer than those on dorsum. Multilocular disc pores confined to abdomen except for occasional
pores near the coxae. Fifth segment with about 10-18 pores and posterior segments with trans-
verse rows at anterior and posterior edges of segments. Tubular ducts of 2 sizes, a larger type
similar to those on dorsum, rather numerous in marginal groups on abdomen and less numerous
in groups around the thorax and head. Present also in transverse rows on fourth and posterior
segments. A smaller type of duct, similar in all respects to larger type, sparsely distributed in
median areas of posterior abdominal segments and occasionally on abdominal margins. Trilocular
pores not numerous.

62

D. J. WILLIAMS

FIG. 23. Trionyimis newsteadi (Green).

THE BRITISH PSE U DOCOCCID AE 63

Trionymus orestes sp. n.

(Text-fig. 24)
Trionymus pulverarius (Newstead), Green, 1928 : 30. (Misidentification.)

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. External appearance not known : probably found
on the leaf sheaths. ENGLAND. Surrey : Box Hill, Brachypodium sylvaticum,
26. ix. 1921 (E. E. Green) (Holotype^. Somersetshire: Cheddar, Brachypodium
sylvaticum, viii.1926 (E. E. Green).

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. An elongate species attaining a length of 3-5 mm. in available
specimens. Anal lobes poorly developed. Antennae y-segmented, 275-310 microns long. Legs
rather small and slender, posterior coxae with a few translucent pores. Trochanter + femur
200-230 microns, tibia + tarsus 230-260 microns. Labium 75-80 microns long. Ostioles small,
each lip with about 3 trilocular pores and without setae. Circulus present, small and oval.
Anal ring with a double band of pores and 6 setae, about twice as long as diameter of ring.
Cerarii on anal lobes only, each with 2 conical setae set close together and about 5 trilocular pores
accompanied by a longer auxiliary seta.

Dorsal surface with slender setae of various sizes, not numerous. Multilocular disc pores
arranged more or less at anterior and posterior edges of abdominal segments in single or double
transverse rows becoming less numerous anteriorly. A few also present in no definite arrangement
on thorax and head. Trilocular pores evenly distributed. Tubular ducts with oral collar of 2
types, a larger type in transverse rows on abdomen except on segments IX -j- X ; present also
on thorax and head where they have a random distribution. A smaller type, sparse, situated
across the middle of abdominal segments except the last.

Ventral surface with apical setae longer than anal ring setae. Other ventral setae similar to
those on dorsum but tending to be longer in median areas. Multilocular disc pores on posterior
edges of segments V-VIII and on anterior edges of segments VI-VI1I, present also on segments
IX + X. Small marginal groups extending forward to head. Tubular ducts of two sizes as on
dorsum. A larger type present mainly in marginal groups around body and a smaller type in
transverse rows on abdomen and sometimes a few on thorax. Trilocular pores not numerous.

NOTES. This species is very close to T. caricis McConnell described from Carex
tribuloides, Maryland, U.S.A., but differs in the greater number of dorsal multilocular
disc pores which tend to form transverse rows on the abdominal segments. In T.
caricis they are sparse and scattered.

Trionymus perrisii (Signoret)

(Text-fig. 25)

Westwoodia perrisii Signoret, 1875 : 337.

Dactylopius hibernicus Newstead, 1895 : 167 (syn. n.).

Trionymus perrisii (Signoret), Berg, 1899 : 78.

Dactylopius hibernicus Newstead, Newstead, 1903 : 172 (in part).

Dactylopius pulverarius (Newstead), Newstead 1903 : 174 (in part).

Pseudococcus pulverarius (Newstead), Green, 1915 : 178. (Misidentification.)

Pseudococcus hibernicus (Newstead), Green, 1920 : 120.

Trionymus pulverarius (Newstead), Green, 1926 : 182. (Misidentification.)

Trionymus hibernicus (Newstead), Green, 1926 : 183.

Trionymus pulverarius (Newstead), Green, 1928 : 30. (Misidentification.)

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Living at the base of the leaf sheath of grasses. Adult
dull yellow to pale purplish, dusted with a fine white powder. Short tassels on last

6 4

D. J. W I J.J.I A MS

imi

d

o

ft /'/. '' ,- -

/",-V* I I.'- lf.

*' . .

O fo - - . - - t '

'//' .rtfhi'i
/;/ ''.'." l

L.O, o' . o.' .

Sv'-i;{,v/'i

si/./-w

r i. ' * I f

S> WWJ

-&

o

FIG. 24. Trionymus orestes sp. n.

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCID AE 65

two abdominal segments. This is, apparently, a common species in Britain and
material has been examined from the following localities :

ENGLAND. Berkshire: Silwood Park, Deschampsia caespitosa, Holcus sp., 27.x.
1948, Festuca rubra, 22. ix. 1948, 13. ix. 1953 (K. L. Boratynski). Cheshire : Helsby
Hill, Agrostis sp., I. viii. 1896 (R. Newstead). Cumberland: Whinlatter Pass,
Deschampsia caespitosa io.viii.i96o (D. J. Williams). Devonshire: Budleigh
Salterton, io.ix.i896 (E. E. Green). Durham : Waldridge Fell, 7.viii.i96o (D. J.
Williams). Kent: Deal, ix. 1899 (B. Tomlin). Norfolk: Ingoldisthorpe, viii . 1892,
(R. Newstead). Somersetshire: Cheddar, viii. 1926 (E. E. Green). Surrey: Guild-
ford, 2i.vii.i922 (E. E. Green) ; Camberley, ix.i9i4, 19. ix. 1928, 26. ix. 1930
(E. E. Green) . Yorkshire : Selby, ix . 1918 (E. E. Green) . Hawkesworth, 15 . viii . 1958,
6. viii. 1960 (D. J. Williams). SCOTLAND. East Lothian: Gullane, Aberlady, North
Berwick Law, viii. 1925 (E. E. Green). IRELAND. Antrim: Ballintoy, 3.ix.i893
(L. E. Tomlin) (hibernicus type).

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Adult female elongate oval, up to 4-5 mm. in length. Anal lobes
usually well developed. Antennae 8-segmented, 335-340 microns long. Legs normal, posterior
coxae with translucent pores, trochanter -f femur 215-260 microns, tibia + tarsus 250-285
microns. Labium about 95 microns long. Anterior and posterior ostioles moderately developed,
each lip with 4-6 trilocular pores and rarely with setae. Circulus present, small and oval between
fourth and fifth segments. Occasionally a second smaller circulus may be present on the next
posterior segment and very rarely up to 4 circuli present in which case the extra ones are minute.
Anal ring with 2 rows of pores and 6 setae twice as long as diameter of ring. Cerarii numbering
2 or 3 pairs. Anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical setae on a sclerotized plate, slightly larger in
area than anal ring. This plate also containing about 26-45 trilocular pores and 9 auxiliary
setae. Cerarii on segment VIII each with a pair of smaller conical setae and on a small sclerotized
plate with 8 trilocular pores and about 2 auxiliary setae. On segment VII cerarii often absent
entirely but when present, with either i or 2 conical setae and 2 or 3 trilocular pores and not
surrounded by a sclerotized area.

Dorsal surface with slender setae. Multilocular disc pores variable in number and distribution.
On the abdomen they form transverse rows at the anterior and posterior edges of segments
VI-VIII. On the anterior abdominal segments they become sparse and may be missing entirely
on some of the edges. On the thorax they become scattered and sometimes they are present on
the head. Trilocular pores rather numerous. Tubular ducts with oral collar of 2 sizes. A smaller-
sized duct sparse, there being a few across the middle of most abdominal and thoracic segments.
A larger type of duct, numerous, forming transverse bands on the abdominal segments. In some
specimens they reach from the anterior to posterior edges of most segments but in other specimens
they are concentrated in the middle of the segments or towards the posterior edges. On the
thorax and head they are less numerous and become scattered.

Ventral surface with apical setae longer than anal ring setae. Ventral setae slender but
tending to be longer than dorsal setae. Multilocular disc pores numerous in transverse rows at
anterior and posterior edges of segments VI-VIII ; present also on segments IX + X and on
posterior edge of segment V. Elsewhere on the abdomen they are sparse and may be present or
absent around the margins. On the thorax and head they are scattered on median areas and
often extend around margins. Trilocular pores evenly distributed. Tubular ducts, of smaller
type, present in middle of abdominal segments and in median areas of thorax ; not numerous.
A larger type in transverse rows and marginal groups on abdominal segments and extending
around body in a marginal or submarginal zone.

NOTES. Dr. A. Reyne has very kindly sent specimens of T. perrisii from Holland
and these agree with specimens of T. hibernicus described from Britain. Professor
N. S. Borchsenius has also kindly examined some British specimens of T. hibernicus

ENTOM. 12, I. 5

D. J. WILLIAMS

.v- ...v

. ,\v. .v\: ; H-'^
.VJ :.->" v .'\.v'

. . '" " v>

?ooo- "- o-'- /

^T-r-o' . *;> VJ-P'.S'O'. ,'

o. o.o-.oo o 0> . -.

O

b

FIG. 25. Trionymus perrisii (Signoret).

THE BRITISH PSE U DOCOCCI D AE 67

and it is his opinion that they are the same as T. perrisii. All of these specimens
agree with the illustration of T. perrisii given by Marchal (1908).

Continental specimens usually have 3 distinct pairs of cerarii but on at least i
specimen from Holland there are only 2 pairs. British specimens usually have 2
pairs of cerarii but the third pair is often represented by a single conical seta and
2 or 3 trilocular pores. Although a single circulus seems to be the more normal
condition, some specimens in Britain have 2 and in rare cases up to 4.

Trionymus phalaridis Green

(Text-fig. 26)
Pseudococcus (Trionymus} phalaridis Green, 19250 : 37.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Described as " Colour reddish purple to dark slaty
grey ; closely dusted with white powdery secretion. Posterior extremity with four
short waxy tassels." Living beneath the leaf sheath and stem. ENGLAND. Surrey :
Frimley, 8.ix.i922 (E. E. Green) (Type) ; Camberley, 3O.viii.i92i, 30. ix. 1921
(E. E. Green), all on Phalaris arundinacea. Gloucestershire : ix.ig22 (K. G. Blair).

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Body elongate, sides subparallel, attaining a length of 6-5 mm.
Anal lobes well developed. Antennae 8-segmented, 450-495 microns long. Legs rather long and
slender, posterior coxae with a few translucent pores, trochanter + femur 380-395 microns,
tibia about 3 times as long as tarsus, measuring together 405-445 microns. Labium 100 microns
long. Ostioles present, usually with about 10-15 trilocular pores on each lip of posterior pair and
about 4-6 on each lip of anterior pair ; without setae. Circulus oval. Anal ring with a double
band of pores and 6 setae over twice length of ring at its greatest diameter. Cerarii on last 2
segments only. Anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical setae on a large sclerotized plate, larger in
area than anal ring and accompanied by 70-75 trilocular pores and 12 or 13 slender auxiliary
setae. Penultimate cerarii each with 2 smaller conical setae on a small round sclerotized plate
containing about 15 trilocular pores and 5 auxiliary setae.

Dorsal surface of body with numerous slender setae of various sizes. Multilocular disc pores
arranged in transverse rows at anterior edges of segments V-VIII and with only a few at posterior
edges of these segments. On the anterior abdominal segments and thorax they are sparse and
become scattered. Trilocular pores numerous and evenly distributed. Tubular ducts with oral
collar of 2 sizes. A smaller type, few on abdomen, situated mainly across middle of segments.
A larger type abundant, occupying most of the area of segments II-VIII except at anterior
edges. On the thorax they become scattered but are well separated between the segments and
on the head they lie in definite groups.

Ventral surface with a pair of apical setae longer than anal ring setae. Slightly shorter setae
present around margins of abdomen. Other ventral setae of various sizes but all slender. Multi-
locular disc pores numerous on segments IX + X, in transverse rows at anterior and posterior
edges of segments VI-VIII, and on posterior edges of segment V. A few also present on segment
IV, around the margins to head and occasionally in median areas of thorax. Trilocular pores
numerous. Tubular ducts of same 2 sizes as on dorsum. A smaller type sparse on abdomen and
a larger type in transverse rows and marginal groups on the abdominal segments. Present also
in groups around the margins to head and a few in median areas of thorax.

NOTES. This species comes close to T. perrisii but is usually much larger. The
trilocular pores on the sclerotized plate on anal lobes are much more numerous and
the tibia is about three times as long as the tarsus whereas in T. perrisii it is only
twice as long.

68

\>. J. WILLIAMS

o

J

o

o

FIG. 26. Trionymns phalaridis Green.

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCID AE 69

Trionymus radicum (Newstead) (comb, n.)
(Text-fig. 27)

Dactylopius radicum Newstead, 18956 : 235.

Dactylopius hibernicus Newstead, Newstead, 1903 : 172 (in part, misidentification).

Riper sia donisthorpei Newstead, In Donisthorpe, 1907 : 5 (syn. n.).

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Living at the base of grasses. Described originally as
" pale reddish-pink ... At period of gestation the ? completely envelops herself
in a very loose cottony material, in which the pale flesh-coloured ova are laid."
ENGLAND. Isle of Man: Port Erin, 21. ix. 1918. Buckinghamshire: Waddesdon,
17. v. 1953 (V. F. Eastop). Kent : Charing, in nest of Ponera contracta (H. Donis-
thorpe) (donisthorpei Type) . WALES. Anglesey: Puffin Is., vi. 1895 {radicum Type).

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Body elongate oval, about 3-5 mm. long. Anal lobes moderately
developed. Antennae 7-segmented, 305-335 microns long. Legs normal, slender, hind coxae
with a few translucent pores. Trochanter + femur 215-240 microns, tibia + tarsus 225-245
microns. Labium 70-75 microns long. Ostioles poorly developed with 4-7 trilocular pores on
each lip and rarely with setae. Circulus very small, oval. Anal ring with a double band of pores
and 6 setae longer than ring at its greatest diameter. Cerarii numbering 2 pairs only. Anal lobe
cerarii each with a pair of conical setae and about 6 or 7 trilocular pores accompanied by a single
auxiliary seta, the area between the cerarian setae sclerotized. Cerarii on segment VIII each
with a pair of smaller conical setae and about 4 trilocular pores.

Dorsal surface of body with short slender setae, not numerous. Multilocular disc pores very
few, scattered at random on thorax and abdomen. Trilocular pores evenly distributed. Tubular
ducts arranged in transverse rows on thorax and abdomen and in groups on head, each duct with
a large flange-shaped collar occupying nearly half total length of duct.

Ventral surface with apical setae longer than anal ring setae. Ventral setae all slender but
mainly longer than dorsal setae. Multilocular disc pores numerous on segments IX + X and
present in transverse rows at posterior edges and usually on anterior edges of segments V-VIII.
Small numbers also on anterior abdominal segments and around the margins to head and one or
two in median areas of thorax. Tubular ducts of 2 sizes ; a larger type, similar to dorsal ducts
situated in groups around the margins and a few present in median areas of segments V-VIII.
A smaller type of duct, similar to the larger type but with inner end rounded, present on abdomen
mainly in the median areas.

NOTES. When Newstead collected this species he also found some smaller specimens
which he thought were the larvae. They were, however, adult females of Rhizoecus
halophilus and he mentioned this error in 1903. In this same work he sunk the name
Dactylopius radicum as a synonym of D. hibernicus, stating that the " curiously
shaped pores or glands " were caused by a parasite. The species is quite distinct and
the tubular ducts, with the collar flange-shaped and nearly half the total length
of the duct, serve to distinguish this species from all the other British species of
Trionymus.

Trionymus thulensis Green
(Text-fig. 28)

Trionymus pulverarius (Newstead), Green, 1926 : 182. (Misidentification.)
Trionymus thulensis Green, 1931^ : 267.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. Found beneath the leaf sheath and stem of grasses.
Described originally from Iceland, VarmahlicJ 1 on Festuca rubra, 3.^.1929 (C. H.
Lindroth). British specimens are at hand from the following localities : ENGLAND.

7 o

D. J. WILLIAMS

o

.'^ ;/ .'/.'/:/. \ ! / j-
[/../ * * '/ ./ i

. ;. .o > - > ^ . . . .'

7* ('/: i'-viVV/U

I/.' ; . ' ' "o.' - ' i

o

FIG. 27. Tn'ow^mws radicum (Newstead).

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCI D AE

&

O

o

FIG. 28. Trionymus thulcnsis Green.

72 D. J. WILLIAMS

Berkshire : Silwood Park, Holcus mollis, 31^.1951 (K. L. Boratynski). Durham :
Low Fell, vi.i943 (R. S. Bagnall). Kent: Thurnham, Trisetumflavescens, I3.vii.
1921 (E. E. Green). Isle of Wight : Seaview, 3.ix.i92i (E. E. Green). Norfolk:
Snettisham, i8.vii.i895 (R. Newstead). Northumberland: Alnmouth, 2.111.1935
(R. S. Bagnall). Surrey : Camberley, 5.ix.i923, vii.1929, 23.vii.i932 (E. E. Green).
Yorkshire: Askham Bog, Agrostis tennis, 22. vi. 1956 (D. J. Williams). WALES.
Brecknockshire : Llangammarch, vi.i926 (E. Earle).

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. Body elongate elliptical to elongate oval, attaining a length of
4 mm. Antennae 7- or 8-segmented, length about 380 microns. Labium 80-95 microns long.
Legs normal, posterior coxae with a few translucent pores ; trochanter + femur 265-285
microns, tibia + tarsus 285-320 microns. Circulus small and round. Ostioles with about 6
trilocular pores on each lip and without setae. Anal ring with 6 setae twice as long as diameter
of ring. Cerarii present on last 2 abdominal segments. Anal lobe cerarii each with a pair of
conical setae, a small cluster of 7 or 8 trilocular pores, not on a sclerotized plate but small area
between the setae sclerotized. Accompanied also by a single auxiliary seta immediately above
cerarian setae. Cerarii on segment VIII with 2 smaller conical setae and about 6 or 7 trilocular
pores and no auxiliary setae.

Dorsal surface of body with short slender setae. Multilocular disc pores absent. Trilocular
pores not numerous, evenly distributed. Tubular ducts with oral collar of one size ; absent on
segments IX -f X but present on all anterior abdominal segments and thorax in transverse bands
and tending to become scattered on head. In some specimens they are quite sparse on thorax
and head.

Ventral surface of body with a stout pair of apical setae longer than anal ring setae. Other
ventral setae slender but mainly longer than on dorsum ; not numerous. Multilocular disc pores
present on segments IX + X and in transverse rows at posterior edges of segments V-VIII in
median areas. Present also at anterior edges of segments VI-VIII and occasionally in median
areas of anterior abdominal segments, thorax and head. Tubular ducts of 2 sizes, a larger type,
similar to dorsal ducts, numerous in groups around margins to head and also in transverse rows
on abdominal segments. Some also present in median areas of thorax. A smaller type of duct
less numerous, situated in median areas of abdominal segments and sometimes among the lateral
groups of the larger ducts.

NOTES. This species is, apparently rather common in Britain, and has been misi-
dentified in the British literature as T. pulvemrius (Newstead) . The illustration has
been prepared from specimens collected at Askham Bog, Yorkshire, which agree
well with the type. Some other specimens studied show fewer multilocular disc pores
and tubular ducts but these represent an extreme in variation.

Trionymus tomlini Green
(Text-fig. 29)

Pseudococcus (Trionymus) californicus Ehrhorn, Green, 1925 : 522. (Misidentification.)
Pseudococcus (Trionymus) tomlini Green, 1925 : 525.

HABIT AND DISTRIBUTION. External appearance not known. Found beneath the
leaf sheaths of grasses. CHANNEL ISLANDS. Guernsey : Port Grat, Psamma arenaria
(=Ammophila arenaria), ix. 1925 (J. R. le B. Tomlin) (Type) ; Vazon Bay, Agropyron
repens, ix.i<)24. ENGLAND. Isle of Man : Dalby in sandy shingle above high water
mark ix.igz2 (L. E. Tomlin).

RECOGNITION CHARACTERS. An elongate oval species measuring about 3-5 mm. long. Anal
lobes moderately developed. Antennae 8-segmented, 425 microns long. Legs rather long,

THE BRITISH PSEU DOCOCCI D AE

\ LL

73

b

o

FIG. 29. Trionymns tomlini Green.

74 D. J. WILLIAMS

posterior coxae with a few translucent pores. Trochanter + femur 285-340 microns, tibia 4-
tarsus 355-370 microns. Labium about 95 microns long. Anterior and posterior ostioles present,
each lip with 6-8 trilocular pores, usually without setae but occasionally present. Circulus large
and oval with a distinct intersegmental fold. Anal ring with 6 setae about twice length of its
diameter. Cerarii numbering 2 pairs. Anal lobe cerarii each with 2 conical setae on an oval
sclerotized plate nearly as large as anal ring and containing about 35-42 trilocular pores and 8 or 9
auxiliary setae. Penultimate cerarii not on a sclerotized area, each with 2 smaller conical setae,
about 15 trilocular pores and 2 or 3 auxiliary setae.

Dorsal surface with slender setae of various sizes. Multilocular disc pores absent on segments
IX + X and present at anterior and posterior edges of the other abdominal segments in no
definite pattern ; not numerous and becoming sparse on anterior abdominal segments ; a few
also present on thorax. Trilocular pores evenly distributed. Tubular ducts with oral collar of
2 sizes. A smaller type, not numerous, in middle of abdominal segments except IX + X and
also present on thorax. A larger type of duct more numerous, arranged on segments II-VIII
mainly in transverse rows on posterior edges and in marginal groups, but a few also present
towards anterior edge of each segment. On the meta- and mesothorax they become scattered
and on the prothorax and head form definite groups.

Ventral surface with apical setae longer than anal ring setae ; each anal lobe also with a small
sclerotized patch which is not attached to the apical seta. Body setae rather numerous, all
slender, of various sizes but mainly long. Multilocular disc pores numerous on abdomen, present
on segments IX -f- X and in transverse rows at posterior edges of segments IV-VIII. Situated
also on anterior edges of segments VI- VI 1 1 and a few present on anterior abdominal segments
and in median areas of thorax and head. Tubular ducts of same two types as on dorsum. A
smaller type on abdomen, mainly across the middle of each segment. A larger type present in
transverse rows at posterior edges of abdominal segments and in marginal groups which extend
to head. Groups also present in median areas of thorax and head.

NOTES. In its general distribution of pores and ducts, this species comes very close
to T. perrisii but differs in the form of the circulus which is quite large and divided
by an intersegmental fold, whereas the circulus of T. perrisii is small and oval. It
seems to have close affinities with T. modocencis (Ferris) and T, haancheni McKenzie,
described from the U.S.A. which also have 2 pairs of cerarii and a large divided
circulus. In this respect T. tomlini comes closest to T. haancheni but possesses more
numerous multilocular disc pores on the dorsum, and on the venter they extend to
the thorax and head whilst in T. haancheni they are present on the abdomen only.

REFERENCES

BALACHOWSKY, A. S. 1934. Contribution a 1'etude des Coccides de France ( i ye note) . Recherches

complementaires sur la faune de Corse. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 39 : 67-72.
1948. Les Cochenilles de France, d'Europe, du nord de 1'Afrique, et du Bassin Mediter-

raneen. IV. Monographic des Coccoidea ; Classification Diaspidinae (Premiere Partie).

Actualit^s sci. industr. 1054 : 243-394.
*954 [ X 953]- Sur un Pseudococcini (Horn. Coccoidea) nouveau du Cap Bon (Tunisie).

II. Presence de Rhizaspidiotus bivalvatus Goux (Coccoidea, Diaspidinae) en Afrique du

Nord. Bull. Soc. not. Tunis. 6 : 227-253.

BERG, C. 1899. Substitution de nombres genericos. III. Comun. Mus. nac. B. Aires, 1 : 77-80.
BORCHSENIUS, N. S. 1948. Toward a revision of the genus Phenacoccus Ckll. (Insecta, Homop-

tera, Coccoidea). C.R. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S. 61 : 953-956.

1949. Fauna U.S.S.R. Pseudococcidae. Zool. Inst. Acad. Sci. (N.S. 38) 7, 383 pp.

BORCHSENIUS, N. S. & TER-GREGORIAN, M. A. 1956. Coccoidea injurious to wheat and other

plants in Armenia. Izv. Akad. Naiik Arm. S.S.R., Erevan, 9 : 17-19.

THE BRITISH PSEUDOCOCCI D AE 75

BRAIN, C. K. 1912. Contribution to the knowledge of mealy bugs, genus Pseudococcus, in

the vicinity of Cape Town, South Africa. Ann. ent. Soc. Amer. 5 : 177-189.
COCKERELL, T. D. A. 1893. Notes on the genus Pseudococcus Westwood. Ent. News, 4 : 317,

318.

1900. Some Coccidae quarantined at San Francisco. Psyche, 9 : 70-72.

DANZIG, E. M. 1960. Some new and little known mealybugs (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudo-

coccidae) of the Leningrad Region. Rev. Ent. U.R.S.S. 39 : 172-181.
DE LOTTO, G. 1958. The Pseudococcidae (Horn. : Coccoidea) described by C. K. Brain from

South Africa. Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent. 7 : 77-120.

DONISTHORPE, H. ST. J. K. 1907. Myrmecophilous notes for 1906. Ent. Rec. 19 : 4-7.
DOUGLAS, J. W. 1888. Notes on some British and exotic Coccidae (No. 10). Ent. mon. Mag.

25 : 86-89.

18880. Notes on some British and exotic Coccidae (No. n). Ibid. 25 : 124, 125.

1889. Notes on some British and exotic Coccidae (No. 14). Ibid. 25 : 314-317.

1890. Notes on some British and exotic Coccidae (No. 16). Ibid. 26 : 153-155.

ESSIG, E. O. 1942. College Entomology, New York. pp. vii -f- 900.

EZZATT, Y. M. & McCoNNELL, H. S. I95&. The Mealybug Tribe Planococcini (Pseudococcidae,

Homoptera). Bull. Md. agric. Exp. Sta. A-84.

FERNALD, M. E. 1903. A Catalogue of the Coccidae of the World. 360 pp.
FERRIS, G. F. 1918. The California species of mealybugs. Stanf. Univ. Publ. biol. Set. 78 pp.

1950, 1953. Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America, 5, 6.

Goux, L. 1934. Notes sur les Coccides (Hem.) de la France. (96 note). Contribution a l'6tude
du genre Heliococcus avec description de deux especes nouvelles. Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 39 :

164-171.
1941. Contribution a l'6tude d'un faisceau d'especes constituent un sous-genre nouveau

du genre Pseudococcus (Hem. -Coccidae). Bull. Mus. Hist. nat. Marseille, 1 : 66-83.
19410. Description d'un Rhizoecus nouveau et de sa larve n6onate (!). Ibid. 1 : 197-

203.
1942. Notes sur les Coccides (Hem. Coccoidea) de la France. (3 2 me note). Description

d'un Phenacoccus et d'un Rhizoecus nouveaux. Ibid. 2 : 33-45.
GREEN, E. E. 1915. Observations on British Coccidae in 1914, with descriptions of new species.

Ent. mon. Mag. 51 : 175-185.
1916. On two new British Coccidae, with notes on some other British species. Ibid. 52 :

23-31-
1917. Observations on British Coccidae ; with descriptions of new species. Ibid. 53 :

201-210, 260-264, 265-269.

1920. Observations on British Coccidae. No. V. Ibid. 56 : 114-130.

1921. Observations on British Coccidae, with descriptions of new species. No. VI. Ibid.

57 : 146-152, 189-200.

1923. Observations on British Coccidae. VIII. Ibid. 59 : 211-218.

1924. On some new species of Coccidae from various sources. Bull. ent. Res. 15 : 41-48.

1925. Notes on the Coccidae of Guernsey (Channel Islands) with descriptions of some new

species. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 16 : 516-527.

19250. Observations on British Coccidae. IX. Ent. mon. Mag. 61 : 34-44.

1926. Observations on British Coccidae. X. Ibid. 62 : 172-183.

1928. Observations on British Coccidae. XI. With descriptions of new species. Ibid.

64 : 20-31.

1930. Observations on British Coccidae. XII. Ibid. 66 : 9-17.

1931. Observations on British Coccidae. XIII. Ibid. 67 : 99-106.

1931*. Notes on some Coccidae from Iceland. Ent. Tidskr. 52 : 263-269.

1934. Observations on British Coccidae. XIV. Ent. mon. Mag. 70 : 108-114.

HAMBLETON, E. J. 1946. Studies of hypogeic mealybugs. Rev. Ent., Rio de J. 17 : 1-77.

19460. A new name for a mealybug. Proc. biol. Soc. Wash. 59 : 177.

HARDY, J. 1868. Notes for 1864. Hist. Berwicksh. Nat. Cl. 5 : 136, 137.

76 D. J. WILLIAMS

KIRITCHENKO, A. N. 1 93 1. Second contribution to the Coccid fauna of Ukraine and the

Crimea. PI. Prot. Leningr. 7 : 307-321.
KUNCKEL D'HERCULAIS, J. 1878. Histoire de la cochenille vivant sur les racines des palmiers

de la section des Seaforthia. Expos6 des caracteres du genre Rhizoecus. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr.

(5) 8 : 161-164.
LEONARDI, G. 1918. Terza contribuzione alia conoscenza delle Cocciniglie Italiane. Boll.

Lab. Zool. Portici, 12 : 188-216.
LINDINGER, L. 1912. Die Schildlause (Coccidae} Enropas, Nordafrikas, und V order asiens,

einschliesslich der Azoren, der Kanaren und Madeiras. Stuttgart. 388 pp.
1934. Die Schildlaus-Arten P. Fr. Bouches und ihre Deutung. Ent. Jb. 43 : 162.
LINNAEUS, C. 1766. Insecta Hemiptera. Coccus. Sy sterna Nat (Ed. 12) 1 : 739-743.
McKENZiE, H. L. 1960. Taxonomic Study of California Mealybugs with descriptions of new

species. (Homoptera : Coccoidea : Pseudococcidae.) Hilgardia, 29 : 681-770.
MARCHAL, P. 1908. Notes sur les Cochenilles de 1'Europe et du nord de 1'Afrique. Ann. Soc. ent.

Fr. 77 : 223-309.
MASKELL, W. M. 1893. Further Coccid notes, with descriptions of new species from Australia,

India, Sandwich Islands, Demarara, and South Pacific. Trans. N.Z. Inst. (1892) 25 : 201-

252.
MORRISON, H. 1945. The mealybug genus Heterococcus Ferris and some of its relatives.

/. Wash. Acad. Sci. 35 : 38-55.
NEWSTEAD, R. 1891 . On some new or little known Coccidae found in England. Ent. mon. Mag.

27 : 164-166.

1892. On new or little known Coccidae, chiefly English (No. 2). Ibid. 28 : 141-147.
- 1893. New or little known Coccidae, chiefly English (No. 3). Ibid. 29 : 77-79.

1895. Observations on Coccidae (No. n). Ibid. 31 : 165-167.

1895^. Observations on Coccidae (No. 12). Ibid. 31 : 213, 214.

i895&. Observations on Coccidae (No. 13). Ibid. 31 : 233-236.

1897. Observations on Coccidae (No. 16). Ibid. 33 : 165-171.

1898. Observations on Coccidae (No. 17). Ibid. 34 : 92-99.
1901. Observations on Coccidae (No. 19). Ibid. 37 : 81-86.

1903. Monograph of the Coccidae of the British Isles, Ray Society, 2 : 162-195.

RAU, G. J. 1937. Two apparently undescribed mealybugs (Hemiptera Pseudococcidae)

from New York State. Bull. Brooklyn ent. Soc. 32 : 195-201.
REYNE, A. 1951. A re-description of Ripersia corynephori Sign. Tijdschr. Ent. 94 : 189-206.

1953. Ripersia wunni n. sp. (Pseudococcidae). Ent. Ber., Amst. 14 : 235-239.

1958. Phenacoccus sphagni (Green) in Holland. Ibid. 18 : 20-26.

Risso, A. 1813. M6moire. Sur 1'Histoire Naturelle des oranges, bigaradiers, limettiers,

c6dratiers, limoniers ou citroniers, cultives dans le department des Alpes maritimes. Ann.

Mus. Hist. not. Paris, 30 : 416-418.
SIGNORET, V. 1875. Essai sur les Cochenilles ou Gallinsectes. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr. (5) 5 : 15-40,

305-352, 353-394-

SIRAIWA, H. 1935. Studies on mealybugs infesting pear in Japan. Kontyu, 9^: 63-75.
SUL, K. 1912. Heliococcus bohemicus n. gn., n. sp. Acta. Soc. ent. Bohem. (Csl.) 9 : 39-48.
1945- Zevni morphologie, metamorfosa a beh zivota cervce Nipaecoccits n. gn. nipae

Maskell. Acta Soc. Sci. nat. Morav. 17 : 1-48.
TAKAHASHI, R. 1957. Key to the genera of Pseudococcidae in Japan, with descriptions of

three new genera and two new species. Bull. Univ. Osaka Pref. B, 7 : 1-8.
TARGIONI TOZZETTI, A. 1867. Studii sulle Cocciniglie. Mem. Soc. ital. Sci. nat. N. 3, 3 :

1-87.
WESTWOOD, J. O. 1840. An introduction to the modern classification of insects, founded on the

natural habits and corresponding organization of different families. Synopsis of the British

Insects. 2 : 158 pp.
WILLIAMS, D. J. 1960. A new species of Dysmicoccus Ferris (Pseudococcidae : Homoptera)

on banana. Bull. ent. Res. 51 : 239-241.

THE BRITISH PSE UDOCOCCI D AE

77

WILLIAMS, D. J. 1961. Notes on the genus Heterococcus Ferris (Coccoidea, Homoptera) with a
description of a new species injurious to guineacorn (Sorghum vulgare) in Nigeria. Ibid. 51 :
671-675.

ZAHRADNin, J. 1959- KUc Zvifeny C.S.R. Cervci-Coccinea, Praha, 3 : 527-552.

ZIMMERMAN, E. C. 1948. Insects of Hawaii, Honolulu, 5 : 132-436.

INDEX

aceris Phenacoccus, 34
aceris Pseudococcus, 34
adonidum Coccus, 40
adonidum Pseudococcus, 40
alazon Dysmicoccus, 39
albidus Pararhizoecus, 41
albidus Rhizoecus, 41
ANTONINA, 7

crawi, 8

socialis, 8
ATROCOCCUS, 8

cracens, 9

luffi, ii

paludinus, 1 1
BALANOCOCCUS, 13

boratynskii, 15

scirpi, 17

balteatus Peliococcus, 32
balteatus Phenacoccus, 32
boratynskii Balanococcus, 15
brevipes Dysmicoccus, 4
cactearum Spilococcus, 52
cacticans Rhizoecus, 43
cacticans Ripersiella, 43
californicus Pseudococcus, 72
californicus Trionymus, 72
calluneti Parapedronia, 56
calluneti Pseudococcus, 56
calluneti Spinococcus, 56
CHNAUROCOCCUS, 17

subterraneus, 17
CHORIZOCOCCUS, 19

lounsburyi, 19

peregrinus, 21
citri Dactylopius, 40
citri Dorthesia, 39
citri Planococcus, 39
citri Pseudococcus, 39
Coccidella dianthi, 43
elongata, 45

mesembryanthemi, 45
Coccus adonidum, 40

halophilus, 3, 47
comstocki Pseudococcus, 39
cracens Atrococcus, 9
crawi Antonina, 8
cuspidatae Dysmicoccus, 23

cuspidatae Pseudococcus, 23
dactylis Pseudococcus, 59
dactylis Trionymus, 59
Dactylopius citri, 40

hibernicus, 63, 69

longispinus, 40

luffi, ii

nipae, 31

pulverarius, 63

radicum, 47, 69

theobromae, 4

walkeri, 21

decoratus Rhizoecus, 47
dianthi Coccidella, 43
dianthi Morrisonella, 43
dianthi Rhizoecus, 43
diminutus Pseudococcus, 61
diminutus Trionymus, 61
donisthorpei Ripersia, 69
Dorthesia citri, 39
DYSMICOCCUS, 21

alazon, 39

brevipes, 4

cuspidatae, 23

piricola, 23

walkeri, 21

wistariae, 23
elongata Coccidella, 45
elongata Morrisonella, 45
clongatus Rhizoecus, 45
elongatus Rhizoecus, 43
EURIPERSIA, 24

europaea, 4, 24

tomlinii, 26

europaea Euripersia, 4, 24
europaea Ripersia, 17, 24
e#/ Ripersia, 26
falcifer Rhizoecus, 47
Ferrisiana virgata, 4
filicicola Ripersia, 54
filicicola Spilococcus, 54
formicarii Ripersia, 17
fragilis Pseudococcus, 40
gahani Pseudococcus, 40
halophila Ripersia, 41, 47
halophilus Coccus, 3, 47
halophilus Rhizoecus, 47, 49

D. J. WILLIAMS

HELIOCOCCUS, 28

minutus, 29
HETEROCOCCUS, 29

nudus, 31

pulverarius, 31

hibernicus Dactylopius, 63, 69
hibernicus Pseudococcus, 63
hibernicus Trionymus, 63
interruptus Phenacoccus, 35
latipes Pseudococcus, 40
longispinus Dactylopius, 40
longispinus Pseudococcus, 40
lounsburyi Chorizococcus, 19
lounsburyi Pseudococcus, 19, 21
lounsburyi Trionymus, 19, 21
luffi Atrococcus, 1 1
luffi Dactylopius, n
/$ Pseudococcus, 1 1
malacearum Pseudococcus, 40
mamillariae Pseudococcus, 52
maritimus Pseudococcus, 40
mesembryanthemi Coccidella, 45
mesembryanthemi Morrisonella, 45
mesembryanthemi Rhizoecus, 45
mesnili Ripersia, 26
minutus Heliococcus, 29
minutus Phenacoccus, 29
Morrisonella dianthi, 43
dongata, 45

mesembryanthemi, 45
newsteadi Pseudococcus, 61
newsteadi Trionymus, 61
nipae Dactylopius, 31
nipae Nipaecoccus, 31
nipae Pseudococcus, 31
NIPAECOCCUS, 31

nipae, 31

nudus Heterococcus, 31
nudus Phenacoccus, 31
orestes Trionymus, 63
paludinus Atrococcus, 1 1
paludinus Pseudococcus, 9, n
Parapedronia calluneti, 56
Pararhizoecus albidus, 41
PELIOCOCCUS, 31

balteatus, 32

penium Saccharicoccus, 50
peregrinus Chorizococcus, 21
peregrinus Pseudococcus, 19
peregrinus Trionymus, 19
perrisii Trionymus, 63
perrisii Westwoodia, 63
phalaridis Pseudococcus, 67
phalaridis Trionymus, 67

PHENACOCCUS, 32

aceris, 34

balteatus, 32

interruptus, 35

minutus, 29

nudus, 31

sphagni, 37

piricola Dysmicoccus, 23
piricola Pseudococcus, 23
PLANOCOCCUS, 39

citri, 39
PSEUDOCOCCUS, 39

aceris, 34

adonidum, 40

calif ornicus, 72

calluneti, 56

citri, 39

comstocki, 39

cuspidatae, 23

dactylis, 59

diminutus, 61

fragilis, 40

gahani, 40

hibernicus, 63

latipes, 40

longispinus, 40

lounsburyi, 19, 21

malacearum, 40

mamillariae, 52

maritimus, 40

newsteadi, 61

nipae, 31

paludinus, 9, n

peregrinus, 19

phalaridis, 67

piricola, 23

pulverarius, 63

quercus, 34

socitts, 34

sphagni, 37

tomlini, 72

ulicis, 34

w/wj, 34

walkeri, 21, 23

wistariae, 23
pulveraria Ripersia, 31
pulverarius Dactylopius, 63
pulverarius Heterococcus, 31
pulverarius Pseudococcus, 63
pulverarius Trionymus, 63, 69
quercus Pseudococcus, 34
radicum Dactylopius, 47, 69
radicum Trionymus, 69

THE BRITISH PSEU DOCOCCID AE

79

RHIZOECUS, 41

albidus, 41

cacticans, 43

decoratus, 47

dianthi, 43

elongatus, 45

elongatus, 43

falcifer, 47

halophilus, 47, 49

mesembryanthemi, 45

terrestris, 47
Riper sia donisthorpei, 69

europaea, 17, 24

exul, 26

filicicola, 54

formicarii, 17

halophila, 41, 47

mesnili, 26

pulveraria, 31

scirpi, 17

subterranea, 17

terrestris, 47

tomlinii, 17, 24, 26

wiinni, 24

Ripersiella cacticans, 43
SACCHARICOCCUS, 50

penium, 50

scirpi Balanococcus, 17
sctr* Riper sia, 17
socialis Antonina, 8
socius Pseudococcus, 34
sphagni Phenacoccus, 37
sphagni Pseudococcus, 37
SPILOCOCCUS, 52
cactearum, 52
filicicola, 54

SPINOCOCCUS, 56

calluneti, 56
subterranea Ripersia, 17
subterraneus Chnaurococcus, 17
terrestris Rhizoecus, 47
terrestris Ripersia, 47
theobromae Dactylopius, 4
thulensis Trionymus, 69
tomlini Pseudococcus, 72
tomlini Trionymus, 72
tomlinii Euripersia, 26
tomlinii Ripersia, 17, 24, 26
TRIONYMUS, 58

californicus, 72

dactylis, 59

diminutus, 61

hibernicus, 63

lounsburyi, 19, 21

newsteadi, 61

orestes, 63

peregrinus, 19

perrisii, 63

phalaridis, 67

pulverarius, 63, 69

radicum, 69

thulensis, 69

tomlini, 72

Pseudococcus, 34
Pseudococcus, 34
virgata Ferrisiana, 4
walkeri Dactylopius, 21
walkeri Dysmicoccus, 21
walkeri Pseudococcus, 21, 23
Westwoodia perrisii, 63
wistariae Dysmicoccus, 23
wistariae Pseudococcus, 23
wiinni Ripersia, 24

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY
ADLARD AND SON, LIMITED
BARTHOLOMEW PRESS, DORKING

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES
(Order TRICHOPTERA)

D. E. KIMMINS

BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 12 No. 2

LONDON: 1962

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES
(Order TRICHOPTERA)

BY

D. E. KIMMINS

British Museum (Natural History

'

story)^

Pp. 81-121 ; 107 Text-figures

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 12 No. 2

LONDON : 1962

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical Series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 12, No. 2 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited
follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

Trustees of the British Museum, 1962

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM

Issued 17 April, 1962 Price Fifteen Shillings

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES
(Order TRICHOPTERA)

By D. E. KIMMINS

SYNOPSIS

This paper deals mainly with species of the subfamilies Oestropsinae and Leptocerinae and
includes a lectotype designation and redescription of the male genitalia of Phanostoma senegalense
Brauer and a redescription and figures of the female holotype of Setodellina albopunctata Lestage.
The synonymy of the genus Phanostoma Brauer with the genus Amphipsyche McLachlan is
confirmed and four new species of the latter genus are described. The genus Chloropsyche
McLachlan is placed as a synonym of A ethaloptera Brauer. A revised key to the African genera
of the Leptocerinae is given and the genus Setodellina is synonymized with Oecetis.

THIS paper is based upon material sent for identification by Dr. Marjorie Scott
(South Africa), Dr. Philip S. Corbet (Uganda) and on British Museum (Nat. Hist.)
accessions. The author wishes to express his thanks to Drs. Scott and Corbet for
their generosity in presenting to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) the types of the
new species based upon their material, in addition to other duplicate material.
Paratypes of South African material (where available) have been returned to Dr.
Marjorie Scott, and will in due course be deposited in the South African Museum.

The South African material was collected by the following workers : Messrs.
John Agnew, Brian Allanson, Mark Chutter, Dr. A. D. Harrison and Mr. W. D. Olliff,
in addition to Dr. Scott herself, but the individual collectors' names are not given on
the locality labels.

For the loan of the type series of Phanostoma senegalense Brauer the author is
indebted to Dr. M. Beier, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, and for the loan of the
type of Setodellina albopunctata Lestage to Dr. P. Basilewsky, Musee Roy ale de
1'Afrique centrale, Tervuren, Belgium.

Family PSYCHOMYIIDAE
Paduniella ankya Mosely

Two males, one from Volksrust and the other from the Natal National Park, are
referred to this species. The genitalia do not entirely agree with the original descrip-
tion and figures, but I do not consider the differences to be specific. The shape of the
clasper of the Natal specimen is intermediate between that of the type specimen and
that of an example from the Semliki Forest. The locality of the type (Namwamba
Valley) and the Semliki Forest are both in the Ruwenzori region.

ENTOM. 12, 2. 6

84 D. E. KIMMINS

Family HYDROPSYCHIDAE
Subfamily OESTROPSINAE

THE GENERA AMPHIPSYCHE McLACHLAN AND
PHANOSTOMA BRAUER

These two genera were originally separated on the difference in the tibial spur
formula (Amphipsyche 1.4.4, Phanostoma 2.4.2) and on the presence of a weak
" false discoidal cell " in Phanostoma. As additional species of Amphipsyche were

FIGS. 1-3. Paduniella ankya Mosely, <? clasper from left, i, Ruwenzori, Semliki Forest ;
2, Ruwenzori, Namwamba Valley (Type) ; 3, Natal National Park.

discovered in Asia, it became evident that the tibial spur formula was not a constant
feature of the genus, and Martynov (1935 : 201) proposed that the genus Phanostoma
should be considered a synonym of Amphipsyche. This was not generally accepted
and Ulmer (1951 : 197) maintained Phanostoma as a distinct genus on the grounds
of the false discoidal cell in the fore wing and the tibial spur formula of 2.4.2. I
have been able to study the type-series of Phanostoma senegalense Brauer and find
that Brauer was incorrect in stating that there were two very small tibial spurs on
the anterior tibia. Microscopic examination reveals neither spurs nor spur-bases on
the inner apical angle of the fore tibia. There is however a variable number of micro-
scopic spines on the outer apical angle, which Brauer may have taken for apical
spurs. The spur formula of Phanostoma senegalense Brauer is therefore 0.4.2,

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES 85

which falls within the range admitted by Ulmer for Amphipsyche. It is at times
difficult to decide whether a false discoidal cell is present and both genera have the
intermediate tibiae and tarsi of the male moderately flattened.

I therefore adopt Martynov's proposal and to combine the genera Amphipsyche
and Phanostoma. The synonymy is as follows :

AMPHIPSYCHE McLachlan, 1872

McLachlan, 1872 : 68, pi. z, figs. 7-70.

Type-species (monotypic) Amphipsyche proluta McL., 1872.
Phanostoma Brauer, 1875 : 69, pi. 4, figs. 5-55.

Type-species (monotypic) Phanostoma senegalense Brauer, 1875.
? Amphipsychella Martynov, 1935 : 201.

Type-species (monotypic) A mphipsychella extrema Martynov, 1935.

Spur formula <, <j>, 1.4.4, I -4-3. 1-4-2, 0.4.3, 0.4.2. Mid-tibia and first three
basal tarsal segments moderately flattened in , strongly so in $. Maxillary palpi
weak, rather short. Aedeagus with or without parameres. (A. proluta and A. sene-
galensis are certainly without spine-like parameres, nor does Martynov's figure of
A. distinda give any indication of them. The four new African species have such
parameres, as do A. indica Mart, and A. bengalensis Mart.)

KEY TO AFRICAN SPECIES OF Amphipsyche (MALES)

1 Stem of 7? 2+3 in fore wing closely approximated to R t ; aedeagus without spiniform

parameres ......... senegalensis (Brauer)

Stem of R^+3 in f re wing widely separated from R t ; aedeagus with two spiniform

parameres ............. 2

2 Lobes of tenth segment, in dorsal view, arising from broad, shouldered bases . . 3
Lobes of tenth segment, in dorsal view, not arising from broad bases ... 4

3 Lobes of tenth segment parallel in dorsal view, deep in side view . . corbeti sp. n.
Lobes of tenth segment divergent in dorsal view, narrow in side view . berneri sp. n.

4 Apex of aedeagus, in side view, strongly clavate, parameres angled abruptly upwards.

Lobes of tenth segment deep in side view ..... ulmeri sp. n.

Apex of aedeagus, in side view, produced but not strongly clavate, parameres gently

curved. Lobes of tenth segment narrow in side view . . . scottae sp. n.

Amphipsyche senegalensis (Brauer)
(Text-figs. 4-13)

Phanostoma senegalense Brauer, 1875 : 71, pi. 4, figs. 5-50 (Senegal) ; Ulmer, 1907 : 26, fig. 12
(Congo) ; id., igoja : 32-33, fig. 24 ; id., 19076 : 159, pi. 21, fig. 198 ; Mosely, 1932 : 5, pi. i,
fig. 6 (Mozambique) ; Barnard, 1934 : 3^9-

Brauer's description is based upon males only and the account of the general
appearance is good. His figure of the wing venation is also reasonably good, but he
shows the veins R 2+3 and R in the fore wing as fused near their bases, whereas
(as Ulmer has pointed out) they are separate but close together. Cell R 2+s in hind wing
may be either just sessile or with a short footstalk. His description and figures of
the male genitalia, being made from the dried material, are rather inadequate by
modern standards and I am therefore giving a new description and figures.

ENTOM. 12, 2. 6

86

D. E. KIMM1NS
DESIGNATION OF LECTOTYPK

No lectotype has been selected from Brauer's type series, so I take this opportunity
of designating the example with the following labels : " Steindachner, 1869, Senegal ";
" senegalense det. Brauer "; " senegalense det. Ulmer "; " Phanostoma senegalense
Brauer, $, LECTOTYPE, D. E. Kimmins det. 1960 " (Vienna Museum). The lectotype
has one pair of wings mounted between sheets of celluloid, the abdomen and one fore
leg cleared in KOH solution and preserved in a small vial of glycerine, both prepara-

FIGS. 4-9. Amphipsyche senegalensis (Brauer), c? Lectotype. 4, wings ; 5, fore tibia, with
apex more enlarged ; 6, genitalia, lateral ; 7, aedeagus, lateral ; 8, genitalia, dorsal ;
9, ventral and from behind.

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES 87

tions being attached to the staging pin. There are also four other males from the
type-series.

c? GENITAHA of lectotype. Ninth segment with the dorsal apical margin only slightly produced
at its centre. Side-pieces large and rounded. Tenth segment deeply excised at its centre to form

11

FIGS. 10-13.

Amphipsyche senegalensis (Brauer), ? (Lualaba River). 10, wings ; n, genitalia,
lateral ; 12, ventral ; 13, bursa copulatrix, ventral, more enlarged.

a pair of narrow ovate lobes, set well below the level of the ninth tergite and linked to the latter
by membrane. The upper surface of the lobes bears a number of small setae. Lower margins of
the tenth segment partly enfold the stem of the aedeagus. The latter organ has a wide base,
constricting to a slender stem and then dilating to form a clavate apex. The apical surface of
aedeagus bears two small triangular teeth or lobes (shown in Brauer 's fig. 50). There are no

88

D. E. KIMMINS

spiniforni parameres. Claspers long, slender and sinuous, the articulation between the basal
and terminal segments somewhat indefinite.

$ GENITALIA (Congo, Lualaba River). Pleurosternum of eighth segment large, plate-like,
its convex lower margin almost meeting that of the opposite side ventrally. Posterior margin
slightly excised. Eighth sternite reduced to a narrow, lightly sclerotixed tongue, not extending

FIGS. 14-18. Amphipsychc ulmeri sp. n. J. 14, wings; 15, genitalia, lateral; 16,
dorsal ; 17, apex of aedeagus, dorsal ; 18, genitalia, ventral and behind.

as far as apices of the pleurosterna. Ninth tergite forming a hood, clasper groove obscure.
Ninth sternite narrow, apex slightly excised. Tenth segment with the usual three pairs of
processes.

Length of fore wing, cJ, 13-15 mm.; ?, 9-10 mm.

I have seen no females from the type-locality, Senegal. I have therefore en-
deavoured to fix the female of senegalensis by examination of females taken at the
same time and place as males of senegalensis. Examination of females fulfilling these
conditions from the Congo (Lualaba R.) and Lake Nyasa suggests that the female

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES 89

venation differs appreciably from that of the male. In the fore wing, veins R 2+3
and RI are not closely approximated and Rs is more or less strongly sinuous, much more
so than in the male. Examples from Lake Victoria also show this sinuosity of Rs
in the fore wing, and in this locality the males would appear to be extremely rare,
since I have seen only one example, although Dr. Corbet and Dr. Hickin have sent
me several hundred females. The fact that females with a sinuous Rs in the fore wing
appear to be associated with male senegalensis suggests that Phanostoma curvinerve
Navas, based upon females from Egypt, may be a synonym of senegalensis. This
sinuosity of Rs in the fore wing does not appear to be a constant generic character
in Amphipsyche since, in the females of A. scottae sp. n. from S. Africa, Rs is almost
straight.

DISTRIBUTION. I have seen males from SENEGAL, CONGO, S. RHODESIA, NYASA-
LAND and UGANDA.

Amphipsyche ulrneri sp. n.

(Text-figs. 14-18)
Phanostoma senegalense Brauer ; Ulmer, 1923 : 19 (partim, Sennar) ; id., 1924 : 2 (Sennar).

EGYPTIAN SUDAN : Sennar, 18-27.11.1914, Ebner, 7 $, two labelled " Phanostoma
senegalense Brau." in Ulmer 's writing.

c? HOLOTYPE (pinned). General colour pale tawny, antenna finely annulated with reddish.
Thorax clothed with short, pale pubescence. Fore wing very pale tawny, with slightly darker
clouding over the anastomosis. Rs almost straight, Rz+ 3 separated from R t at their bases by
about the distance between 7? 4 and R & . In the hind wing, cell J? 2 +s is sessile.

cj GENITALIA following the general pattern of the genus. Aedeagus with two curved spine-like
parameres, angled abruptly upwards. Stem of aedeagus less slender than in senegalensis, apex
clavate, its lower margin projecting in two rounded, triangular lobes.

Length of fore wing, 13-14 mm.

c HOLOTYPE (pinned, with wings between celluloid and abdomen in a small vial
of glycerine) and paratypes in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. In the course
of correspondence with Dr. Ulmer in 1956 concerning Phanostoma, he informed me
that he had in his collection two females from Sennar and that they had Rs in the
fore wing curved but less so than in Egyptian examples which he had identified as
P. curvinerve Navas. This fact may be additional evidence in favour of A. ulmeri
being distinct from A . curvinervis.

Amphipsyche corbeti sp. n.

(Text-figs. 19-23)

UGANDA : Northern Province, Victoria Nile, Karuma Falls, P. S. Corbet, numerous
males.

cJ HOLOTYPE (in alcohol). General colour very pale tawny. Antenna finely annulated witli
fuscous. Anterior femur with a longitudinal fuscous streak on ventral surface. Mesonotum
rather darker tawny. Abdominal segments whitish, faintly marked with very pale purplish
transverse bands on the tergites and with a similarly coloured median ventral streak. In fore
wing, /? 2+3 widely separated from R 4 basally.

go

D. E. KIMMINS

cJ GENITALIA. Ninth segment with its dorsal apical margin only slightly produced. Side-
pieces rounded. Lobes of the tenth segment broad basally, the apical portion about half as
wide as the basal, which projects laterally as a shoulder. In dorsal view, the lobes are parallel,
with rounded apices. Aedeagus with a stout stem, in side view somewhat constricted about
mid-way, lower apical margin produced in a pair of lobes. In ventral view, the inner margins

FIGS. 19-23. Amphipsyche corbeti sp. n. < 19, wings ; 20, genitalia, lateral ;
dorsal ; 22, apex of aedeagus, dorsal ; 23, genitalia, ventral and behind.

21,

of the lobes are parallel, their basal angles hooked. Above these lobes are a pair of stout, spini-
form parameres, curving upwards in side view. Claspers slender, indistinctly two-segmented.

? unknown.

Length of fore wing, n mm.

$ HOLOTYPE (now mounted as microscope preparations), paratypes in 2% formal-
dehyde solution, in British Museum (Nat. Hist.). This species differs from A. ulmeri

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES 91

in the less constricted stem of the aedeagus, whose apex is more produced, and in
the stouter parameres. The tenth segment is wider at the base in dorsal view, with
definite shoulders.

Amphipsyche berneri sp. n.

(Text-figs. 24-28)

Phanostoma senegalense Brauer : Kimmins, 1957 : J 3 (Gold Coast examples).
GOLD COAST : Volta River, Senchi, i.viii.igso, Lewis Berner, 4 <$.

<J HOLOTYPE. Specimen originally preserved in alcohol, general colour tawny yellow, antenna
with fine fuscous annulations, abdomen with faint purplish markings. Fore wing yellowish

FIGS. 24-28. Amphipsyche berneri sp. n. <J. 24, wings ; 25, genitalia, lateral ; 26, dorsal
27, apex of aedeagus, dorsal ; 28, genitalia, ventral and behind.

92 D. E. KIMMINS

brown, with darker shading behind the sinuously curved portions of Sc and R^. Cell R 2+3 at
base at least as wide as cell R t . Rs straight.

c? GENITALIA resembling A . corbeti in general pattern. Tenth segment also shouldered at its
base, but in the type the lobes of the tenth tergite are strongly divergent in dorsal view and in
side view appear as narrow plates. The aedeagus is similar but, in side view, there two pro-
jections on the dorsal margin. In ventral aspect the apex is more clavate.

Length of fore wing, 12 mm.

<J HOLOTYPE (mounted as microscope preparations) and i paratype in 2% formal-
dehyde solution, in British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 2 $ paratypes in University of
Florida.

FIGS. 29-33. Amphipsyche scottae sp. n. $. 29, wings ; 30, palpi ; 31, genitalia, lateral
32, dorsal, with apex of aedeagus ; 33, ventral and behind.

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES

93

Amphipsyche scottae sp. n.

(Text-figs. 29-37)

SOUTH AFRICA: Vaal River barrage, 20.111.1956, 6 <$, 31.111.1958, i $ ; below
Vaal barrage wall, 29 . vi . 1956, 8 ^ ; Vaal River, below barrage, 23 . viii . 1957, I ?

37

FIGS. 34-37. Amphipsyche scottae sp. n. ?. 34, wings ; 35, genitalia, lateral ; 36, ventral

37, bursa copulatrix, ventral.

and pelt ; Waterval River, at Joburg-Durban Road, 16 . x . 1958, 2 ; Wilge River
at Warden-Reitz Road, 8.xii.i958, 8 <$ ; Wilge River at Frankfort, 8.xii.i958,
3 (J ; Waterval River, on National Road between Standerton and Greylingstad,
12.1.1959, 3 <$ ; Wilge River, 5 miles below Harrismith, 10.11.1959, 3 <$ ; Wilge
River, between Warden and Reitz, 9 . ii . 1959, 9 <^. All specimens in alcohol.

ENTOM. 12, 2.

6

94 D. E- KIMMINS

cJ HOLOTYPE. As the specimen was in alcohol, one can only say of its general appearance that
it was tawny yellow, antenna finely annulated with reddish at the joints. Abdomen lightly
tinged with reddish purple. Fore wing faintly clouded with brownish. Rs almost straight,
#2+3 not closely adjacent to R t , the space between them not much less than that between R t
and R s . In hind wing, cell R 2+3 generally broadly sessile.

<J GENITALIA following the general pattern of A. corbeti and A. berneri. Tenth segment not
broadly shouldered at base, the lobes with their inner margins concave in dorsal view and in side
view thin as in berneri. The aedeagus with a pair of spiniform parameres, projecting from beneath
a pair of rounded dorsal lobes. Apical lobe of aedeagus truncate, not divided, its ventral surface
bearing a pair of small triangular plates, facing each other.

? ALLOTYPE. This specimen was bred and is rather teneral. Colours much as in male. In the
fore wing, Rs runs almost straight to the anastomosis, not sinuous as in senegalensis. Apical
cellules narrower than in senegalensis.

? GENITALIA. Pleurosternum of eighth segment large, plate-like, its curved lower margins
almost meeting over the eighth sternite. The latter is lightly sclerotized and does not extend
beyond the pleurosternum. Ninth tergite forming a hood, clasper groove shallow. Ninth sternite
in the shape of a transverse plate, whose apical margin is shallowly excised at the centre. Tenth
segment with the usual three pairs of processes.

Length of fore wing, , 18 mm. ; $, 14 mm.

<$ HOLOTYPE (Wilge R., 5 miles below Harrismith, 10.11.1959), $ ALLOTYPE (Vaal
River, below barrage, 23.viii.i957), both mounted as microscope preparations
in British Museum (Nat. Hist.) ; paratypes in South African Museum and British
Museum (Nat. Hist.). This species is related to A. corbeti and A. berneri but may be
separated by the form of the tenth tergite and of the aedeagus. This species is
named after Dr. Marjorie Scott, of the University of Cape Town.

THE GENERA AETHALOPTERA AND CHLOROPSYCHE

(Text-figs. 38-47)

The genus Aethaloptera was described by Brauer (1875 : 71), with A. dispar Brauer
(W. Africa) as the only included species. McLachlan (1880, Suppl. 2 : Ixix-lxx)
described the genus Chloropsyche, with type species evanescens McL. (Amurland),
and among the characters given to separate it from Aethaloptera Brauer are the spur
formula 0.2.2 (Aethaloptera 0.3.2), and the male intermediate tibiae slender, with
the tarsi slightly flattened, fringed but not dilated. McLachlan's figure of the male
wings shows that in the hind wing, fork R^ is sessile as in Aethaloptera. Ulmer
(1906 : 62) described Aethaloptera maxima from S. Africa, which had a spur formula
of o . 2 . 2, and fork R in the hind wing stalked. This species was transferred by Ulmer,
(1907^ : 17) to Chloropsyche McLachlan, with which it agreed in spur formula but
not in the shape of fork R in the hind wing. As a result, Chloropsyche then differed
from Aethaloptera only in possessing two instead of three spurs on the intermediate
tibiae, the latter being not or less dilated than in Aethaloptera.

As the male genitalia of Chloropsyche maxima appeared to be almost identical with
those of A . dispar, it was decided to investigate more thoroughly the type-specimen
of Chloropsyche evanescens McL. It was at once obvious that McLachlan's statement
(1880 : Ixix) " All the legs are slender in the male " was not strictly accurate. The
intermediate tibiae and tarsi are slightly but definitely dilated, the latter being nearly
twice as wide as the posterior tarsi. The intermediate tibiae also showed a slight

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES

95

swelling just beyond the base and in this area (in the pinned specimen) near the
anterior margin there appeared to be a minute pit. Examination of the cleared
intermediate tibiae of a second specimen under a compound microscope suggested
that this pit was the rudimentary socket of the third or pre-apical spur. No actual
spur was seen in the four specimens studied and it would seem that the pre-apical

FIGS. 38-42. Wings oiAethalopteraspp. 38, A. disparBrauer, <$ (Uganda) ; 39 A. dispar,
? (Sierra Leone) ; 40, A. maxima Ulmer, <J (S. Africa) ; 41, A. maxima, ? (SW. Africa) ;
42, A. evanescens McLachlan, $ (Amur).

spur of the intermediate tibia is either very easily detached or obsolete in evanescens.
Specimens of C. maxima have the intermediate tibiae and tarsi about as much dilated
as in evanescens, but microscopic examination reveals neither a swelling just beyond
the base nor any evidence of a spur socket. Other cases are known in which the tibial
spur formula has proved variable and unreliable as a generic character and the genus
Chloropsyche does not appear to me to be worthy of separation from Aethaloptera

9 6

D. E. KIMMINS

and I place it in the synonymy of that genus. Paraethaloptera Martynov (1935 : 193),
type species P. gmcilis Mart., 1935, also seems doubtfully distinct from Aethaloptera.
The type of Paraethaloptera punctata Banks has a spur formula of 0.3.2, and should
be transferred to Aethaloptera.

AETHALOPTERA Brauer

1875 : 71. Type-species, A. dispar Brauer, 1875.
Chloropsyche McLachlan, 1880 : Ixix (syn. nov.).

Type species, C. evanescens McL., 1880.
? Paraethaloptera Martynov, 1935 : J 93-

Type species, P. gracilis Mart., 1935.

Four species of this genus have been recorded from Africa, A. dispar Brauer,
A. maxima Ulmer, A. maesi (Navas) and A. marcina (Navas), the two latter species

FIGS. 43-47. Median tibiae, etc., of Aethaloptera spp. 43, A. dispar Brauer, <$ (Gold
Coast) ; 44, A. evanescens McL., <J (Amur) ; 45, A. maxima Ulmer, <$ (Port. E. Africa) ;
46, A. dispar, ?, (Sierra Leone) ; 47, A. maxima, ?, (SW. Africa).

being considered as synonyms of A. dispar. Whilst A. dispar and A. maxima can
generally be separated on the spur formula of the intermediate tibiae and on the
stalked or sessile condition of fork R in the hind wing, both Ulmer and Barnard
have commented on the fact that the male genitalia are apparently identical. I have
examined numerous specimens and a number of cleared preparations of both species
and find that the genitalia, though similar, are not uniform in details, but the varia-
tions do not appear to be correlated with any particular spur formula or arrange-
ment of wing venation. The females similarly do not show any constant differences

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES

97

in genitalia which might be considered as specific. The venation of the hind wing in
the females also shows some variation, specimens with three tibial spurs sometimes
having a short footstalk to fork R instead of having it sessile. Such variation is not

FIGS. 48-55. A ethaloptera dispar Brauer, < genitalia. 48, lateral ; 49, dorsal ; 50, apex of
aedeagus, dorsal, more enlarged ; 51, claspers and aedeagus, ventral ; 52, aedeagus,
lateral (Gold Coast) ; 53, the same (Sierra Leone) ; 54, the same (Nyasaland) ; 55,
ninth segment, dorsal (Nyasaland).

surprising when one considers that the stalked state of fork R^ in this genus is a
secondary condition. R^ and R 5 separate at the anastomosis, rapidly running together
again, forming a small cell enclosing the corneous point, subsequently separating
again to form fork # 4 . Fork M 3 in the fore wing of the female may be either sessile
or stalked in dispar and usually stalked in maxima.

9 8 D. E. KIMMINS

These two species in Africa possibly represent local forms of one widespread species,
maxima being centred in S. Africa and spreading northwards into N. Rhodesia and
Portuguese East Africa. A. dispar has its centre in equatorial Africa, extending
from west to east and northwards into the Sudan. In Nyasaland one gets a form which
is intermediate, the venation and spur formula being that of dispar and the male
genitalia tending towards that of maxima. Ulmer's record of dispar from Livingstone,
N. Rhodesia suggests that the range of both species overlaps in Northern Rhodesia.
For the present, however, it is proposed to treat the two as closely allied species.

56

FIGS. 56-59. Aethaloptera maxima Ulmer, $ genitalia. 56, lateral ; 57, aedeagus, lateral
58, genitalia, dorsal ; 59, claspers and aedeagus, ventral.

Aethaloptera dispar Brauer
(Text-figs. 38, 39, 43, 46, 48-55, 60-61)

1875 : 72, pi. 4, figs. 4-4C.
Primerenca maesi Navas, 1914 : 182.
Primerenca marcina Navas, 1916 : 26.

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES

99

From records and specimens the distribution appears to be SENEGAL, SIERRA
LEONE, GOLD COAST, S. NIGERIA, BELGIAN CONGO, S. SUDAN, UGANDA, TANGANYIKA,
NORTHERN RHODESIA (Livingstone) and NYASALAND.

FIGS. 60-63. Female genitalia of, 60-61 , A . dispar Brauer (Uganda) , and 62-63, A maxima
Ulmer (S. Africa). 60, lateral ; 61, ventral ; 62, lateral ; 63, ventral.

Figures are given of the genitalia of an example from Gold Coast, and comparative
figures of the aedeagus in side view of specimens from Sierra Leone and Nyasaland.
It will be seen that the shape of the apex is by no means uniform and that there is
variation in the contour of the lower margin of the stem. The lower surface towards

TOO D. E. KIMMINS

the apex is often more keeled than in maxima. The apical margin of the ninth segment
varies in the amount of its production but is generally without a median dorsal
furrow. The degree to which the lobes of the tenth segment diverge is not constant.

In the female, the produced setose lobes on the apical margin of the eighth sternite
are variable in shape. The apex of the ninth sternite is only very sparsely setose.
Bursa copulatrix rather complex in structure but possibly variable.

Length of fore wing, , 10-16 mm.; $, 7-10 mm.

The female specimens recorded doubtfully by Ulmer (1912 : 95) as Aethaloptera
sexpunctata Kolenati from Kamerun may possibly belong here. Since he recorded
them as Aethaloptera, one presumes that they had the typical spur formula 0.3.2.
On the other hand, fork R in the hind wing is stalked, which suggests that they
might be A. maxima, which would be a rather unusual distribution for that species
as we know it at present.

Aethaloptera maxima Ulmer
(Text-figs. 40, 41, 45, 47, 56-59, 62, 63)

1906 : 62, fig. 66.

Chloropsyche maxima (Ulmer), 1907 : 17, fig. 2.

Records and specimens give the distribution as follows : S. AFRICA, SW. AFRICA,
PORTUGUESE E. AFRICA, NE. RHODESIA.

In the male genitalia, the apical margin of the ninth segment is generally more
produced and there is often a longitudinal dorsal furrow. The apex of the aedeagus
is rather more rounded in side view than in dispar. In the female, the genitalia are
much as in dispar but the apex of the ninth sternite is densely setose.

Length of fore wing, <, 14-18 mm.; $ 9-13 mm.

Family HYDROPTILIDAE

Oxyethira velocipes (Barnard)

(Text-figs. 64-67)

, After examination of a paratype male and other material of this species, I agree
with the suggestions of Drs. Ross and Ulmer that Argyrobothms is not generically
distinct from Oxyethira. It has the same spur formula and the arrangement of the
warts on the mesoscutellum and the shape of the metascutellum agree. There is a
slender spine at the apex of the seventh sternite. The male genitalia of this species
are not easy to interpret and are rather more complex than Barnard's figures suggest
(1934 : 392). I am therefore refiguring them on a larger scale from a paratype and
giving a new description of them.

<J GENITALIA. Eighth segment synscleritous, almost completely encasing the ninth segment,
from the side obliquely truncate, and from beneath with its apex excavate. Ninth segment
about as long ventrally as eighth, but dorsally narrowed to a transverse band. Apex of ninth
segment also excavate ventrally. Aedeagus long, slender, with a spiral spine somewhat beyond
mid-way, and another curved spine shortly before the apex. Claspers reduced to two short,
wide lobes, projecting a little beyond the margin of the ninth segment in the excavation. Basally
they are linked to a structure, possibly the basal plate, which takes the form of a quadrate plate

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES 101

beneath the aedeagus. Its upper margins extend dorsally at the base and completely encircle
the aedeagus, this upper part being joined by membrane to the ninth segment. On each side
of the basal plate is a digitate, transparent process, terminating in a seta. Above the aedeagus
is a membranous lobe (? tenth segment). The basal plate is the structure referred to by Barnard
as the tenth segment.

FIGS. 64-67. Oxyethira velocipes (Barnard), genitalia. 64, <$, lateral ; 65, d, dorsal ; 66,

cJ, ventral ; 67, ?, ventral.

loa D. E. KIMMINS

Family LEPTOCERIDAE
Subfamily LEPTOCERINAE

Whilst Kimmins' (1956) paper on the African Leptocerinae was in the press,
Marlier (1955 : 150) added one new genus, Limnoecetis, and I therefore take this
opportunity of revising my key to the African genera.

1 Fork Cu lg in hind wing present ......... 4

Fork Cw la in hind wing absent .......... 2

2 Wings reduced, very narrow, no apical forks in hind wing . . LIMNOECETIS*
Wings not reduced, hind wing with at least fork R 2 . . . . 3

3 In fore wing, stem of M (usually) obsolete, thus thyridial cell is absent ; if stem of

M is present, then stem of epicranial suture is absent . . . TRIAENODES
In fore wing, stem of M present, complete, thyridial cell present ; stem of epicranial

suture present .......... ADICELLA

4 Fore wing with forks R 2 , M x and Cu la present ....... 5

Fore wing with forks R 2 and Cw la only ........ 7

5 In fore wing, cell R & with a footstalk ........ 6

In fore wing, cell R 5 sessile LEPTOCERINA ?

6 In hind wing, Rs is more or less parallel to # x . . . A THRIPSODES ?
In hind wing, Rs diverges from R lt R 2+3 arching towards R!

PSEUDOLEPTOCERUS ?

7 Rs in hind wing completely or partially obsolete ...... 8

- Rs in hind wing not obsolete .......... 12

8 In hind wing, M also obsolete at base LEPTOCELLA

In hind wing, M not obsolete at base ........ 9

9 Spurs 1.2.2, that of anterior tibia small ; fork R 2 in hind wing present or absent

SET ODES (partim)

- Spurs o. 2.2 ; fork R z in hind wing present ....... 10

TO Hind wing moderately broad (about 2^-3 times as long as broad), posterior margin

moderately convex HEMILEPTOCERUS

Hind wing narrow (about 4-5 times as long as broad), posterior margin only slightly

convex ............. i i

IT Basal segment of antenna (in both sexes) rather short, stout, tapering to apex and

without a tuft of long hairs at apex in male .... SETODES (partim)

Basal segment of antenna (in both sexes) slender, cylindrical, in male with a tuft

of long hairs at apex TRICHOSETODES

12 M in hind wing unforked .......... 13

M in hind wing forked ........... 14

13 Spurs 1.2.2, fork R z in hind wing present PARASETODES

Spurs 2 . 2 . 2, fork R z in hind wing absent PTOCHOECETIS

14 In fore wing, M 3+4 clearly arises from M . . . . . . .. 15

In fore wing, M 3+4 arises from m-cu cross-vein or from Cu la

OECETIS (=SETODELLINA)

15 In fore wing, M 3+t arises at or before anastomosis . . . . . . 16

In fore wing, M 3+4 arises beyond anastomosis . . . . . : . 17

16 Spurs 0.2. 2 ..." LEPTOCERUS

Spurs 2. 2. 2 LEPTOCERINA 3

17 In hind wing, Rs diverges from R 2 to enclose a wide radial area

PSEUDOLEPTOCERUS ^

In hind wing, Rs runs more or less parallel to RI . . . , . . 18

* In October, 1961, after this paper had gone to press, Marlier ((Inst. R. Sci. nat. Belg., Bull. 38 (28) :
1-6) transferred his genus Limnoecetis to the family Polycentropodidae, Dipseudopsinae. Couplet 2 in
the key should therefore be deleted.

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES

1 8 In fore wing, venation differing in the sexes, fork M v present in the ?
In fore wing, venation alike in both sexes ....

19 Fork R<i present in hind wing .......

Fork R. 2 absent in hind wing . . ...

103

ATHRIPSODES

19

. HOM1LIA
LEPTECHO

THE GENUS TRIAENODES McLACHLAN

The majority of the species of this genus are easily recognized by the absence of
the stem of the media in the fore wing and this has been used as the main recognition

FIGS. 68-70. Wings of Triaenodes spp. n. 68, T. uncata, $ ; 69, T. uncata, ? ; 70, T. moselyi,

character for the genus. Barnard (1934 : 357) described as Adicella sicula a species
which had venation typical of Adicella, that is, it had the media normally formed and
complete, but he commented on the remarkable similarity of the genital structure of
the male with that of Triaenodes serrata Ulmer. Mosely (1936 : 434) described
Triaenodes darfurica, which has the male genital structure of the Triaenodes pattern ;
he figures the venation but strangely enough makes no comment on the fact that

io 4 D. E. KIMMINS

the venation is atypical, having the stem of the media complete in the fore wing.
Since then, several other species of Triaenodes have been described in which the stem
of the media in the fore wing shows varying degrees of completeness, the extreme
base being most often obsolete. Thus the absence of the stem of the media in the
fore wing can no longer be relied upon entirely as a character of the genus Triaenodes.

On the other hand, judging by the male genital structures, there does not seem
to be any question that Triaenodes and Adicella are generically distinct. Other possible
characters were therefore investigated and it seems that a feature mentioned by
Ross (1944 : 212) may be used to supplement the venational character. This is the
presence or absence of the stem of the epicranial suture. In Triaenodes it is absent
in nineteen out of twenty species examined, the exception being the unique type of
Triaenodes chelifera (Mosely), in which it is present but weakly formed. This species
is the type-species of Mosely's genus Triaenodella, which was distinguished from
Triaenodes primarily on the presence in the male of a lobe covering a scent tuft on
the basal segment of the antennae. Similar lobes occur in other species of Triaenodes
which do not have the stem of the epicranial suture developed. In Adicella this stem
is well developed in six out of eight species examined and in Erotesis (closely allied
to Adicella) it is present in both species examined. The exceptions are A. triaenodi-
formis Ulmer (known only from the female type) and A. pulcherrima Ulmer. In
the first of these exceptions, it is perhaps significant that Ulmer has given it a name
suggesting a resemblance to Triaenodes, and it may be that when the male is recog-
nized, it will prove to have genitalia of the Triaenodes pattern. In the second case,
I have seen only two examples and in these, the genitalia are more like those of Adicella
than Triaenodes.

As a result of these investigations, I have reversed my opinion (1956 : 146) when
I transferred Triaenodes darfurica Mosely to Adicella on venational grounds, and I
am also considering Adicella sicula Barnard to be a Triaenodes. I also propose that
Adicella triaenodiformis Ulmer be placed provisionally in Triaenodes.

KEY TO MALES OF AFRICAN SPECIES OF Triaenodes
(EXCLUDING THOSE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION).

The following species are omitted : T. africana Ulmer, figures of male genitalia inadequate ;
T. palpalis Banks, no description of genitalia, sex not given ; T. triaenodiformis (Ulmer),
known from female only.

1 Clasper with a curved spine arising from the base, in addition to a basal branch . 2

- Clasper without a curved basal spine ........ 6

2 Clasper slender, basal branch very small ..... elegantula Ulmer

- Clasper stouter, basal branch conspicuous . . . . . . . 3

3 Clasper, in side view, short, rectangular (known to me from literature only)

hastata Ulmer

- Clasper, in side view, not rectangular . . . . . . . . 4

4 Apex of clasper, in side view, obliquely truncate . . . .. uncata sp. n.
Apex, in side view, acutely produced . . ... ... . 5

5 Apex of clasper directed caudad in ventral view . . . darfurica Mosely
Apex incurved . . . . , . . . wambana Mosely

6 Tenth segment with one (rarely two) arched spine, arising from a socket on dorsal

surface ............. 7

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES 105

- Tenth segment without such spine ......... 9

7 Clasper, in side view, short, about as long as deep, basal branch short and broad, apex

scarcely bifid ......... falculata Kimmins

- Clasper, in side view, at least twice as long as deep, basal branch slender with bifid

apex .............. 8

8 Cerci shorter than tenth segment (excluding spine). Lower fork of basal branch of

clasper shorter than apical branch ...... sicuta (Barnard)

- Cerci longer than tenth segment. Lower fork of basal branch of clasper longer and

narrower than apical branch ....... s err at a Ulmer

9 Basal branch of clasper slender, terminating in two long, slender forks . . . 10
Basal branch stouter, not terminating in two long, slender forks . . . . 12

10 Inner and outer margins of clasper, in ventral view, straight and parallel, clasper

abruptly narrowed at apex ........ tnoselyi sp. n.

Inner margins convex or sinuous, clasper not abruptly narrowed at apex . . 1 1
n Clasper, in ventral view, three times as long as wide, upper fork of basal branch

clavate ........... difformis Mosely

Clasper, in ventral view, twice as long as wide at base, tapering to apex. Upper fork

spine-like .......... hickini Kimmins

1 2 Side lobes of tenth segment fused to form a single spine ; median lobe reduced to two

small processes, or absent .......... 13

Side lobes separate, except at base, spiniform ; median lobe well developed or

reduced ............. 14

13 Basal branch of clasper simple, clavate, with a ventral spine . . kimila Mosely
Basal branch of clasper bifid, both forks arched downward . . . ghana Kimmins

14 Median lobe of tenth segment reduced to two small, transparent fingers at the bases

of the cerci ........... legona Mosely

Median lobe of tenth segment produced, finger-like, longer than cerci . . . 15

15 Clasper, from beneath, not longer than wide, basal branch strongly incurved

polystachya Marlier
Clasper, from beneath, distinctly longer than wide . . . . . . 16

1 6 Apical part of basal branch of clasper flattened, blade-like, lower edge serrate and

with a long acute tooth ........ clavata (Mosely)

Apical part of basal branch forming a rounded lobe, with a stout, blunt projection

beneath it ......... chelifera (Mosely)

Triaenodes moselyi sp. n.

(Text-figs. 70-75)
Triaenodella haslata (Ulmer) Mosely, 1939 : 16.

UGANDA : Ruwenzori Range, xii . 1934-! . 1935, F. W. Edwards, Namwamba Valley,
6,500 ft., i c, Fort Portal, 5,000 ft., 5 ?.

cJ HOLOTYPE (pinned). General colour pale tawny, with golden pubescence. Antenna finely
annulated with fuscous, basal segment long and slender and with a plate covering the dorsal
surface, although no pencil of hairs is visible beneath it. Palpi long, sparsely pubescent. Fore
wing with golden pubescence and with indistinct spots of brownish pubescence in the apical
half. Hind wing with sparse brownish pubescence. Fore wing rather narrow, discoidal cell
long, almost twice as long as its footstalk. In hind wing, fork R^ has a short footstalk.

<J GENITALIA. Ninth segment long ventrally but reduced dorsally to a narrow transverse
band. Side-pieces large and triangular, with rounded setose apices. Lateral margins at base of
claspers extended upwards and inwards to support the base of the aedeagus. Median lobe of
tenth segment inconspicuously trifid, the side branches very short, centre branch slender,
slightly clavate and setose at apex. Side lobes fused together beneath the median lobe to form

io6

D. E. KIMMINS

a long, blade-like, curved spine, with a short projection about mid-way on the left side. Cerci
long and slender, of unequal length. Aedeagus arched, with a median dorsal furrow, membranous
towards apex dorsally and with a membranous upper lobe on each side. Clasper about twice as
long as wide, quadrate in side and ventral views, the outer apical angle, in ventral view, produced

71

FIGS. 71-75. Triaenodes moselyi sp. n. Genitalia. 71, <J, lateral ; 72, , tenth segment,
dorsal ; 73, , claspers and aedeagus, ventral ; 74, ?, lateral ; 75, ?, ventral.

in a short, blunt, incurved process. Dorsal, apical and inner margins serrate, set with stout
setae. Inner margins parallel. From the base of the left clasper, the upper margin is produced
upwards in a long finger, which bifurcates about mid-way into two spines. The outer spine is
directed tailward and is setose apically, the inner (and longer) spine is bent downwards alongside
the aedeagus. In the right clasper of the type, this basal branch is either asymmetric or damaged,
taking a bigger sweep basally and its apex is broken away.

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES 107

$ ALLOTYPE. General appearance much as in male. Basal segment of antenna similarly
elongate, but without the dorsal flap. Wings rather denuded but apparently with similar
markings.

? GENITALIA. Eighth sternite with its apical margin sinuous, the margin itself and the area
anterior to it densely setose. Ninth and tenth tergites fused, forming a short, truncate anal
tube. From the dorsal surface of the fused segments arise two short, unequal, transparent
processes, directed caudad. Sides of anal tube raised to form two low, hairy warts. Lateral
gonapophyses short, foliate, with rounded apices, directed obliquely downward, outer surfaces
convex and setose. Beneath them is a broad, bifid subgenital plate, deep in side view, the branches
directed obliquely upwards between the lateral gonapophyses. From beneath, the branches
are separated by a deep narrow excision.

Length of fore wing, <$, 8-5 mm.; ?, 9-9-5 mm.

< HOLOTYPE (now mounted as microscope preparations), $ ALLOTYPE, pinned
(abdomen mounted as microscope preparation) and $ paratypes in British Museum
(Natural History). These specimens were originally determined by Mosely as
Triaenodella hastata (Ulmer), but even allowing for the fact that Ulmer's figure of
the male genitalia was drawn from a dried example, I do not think that they could
justifiably be placed as hastata. The latter is shown with definite curved, blade-like
basal spines arising from the clasper and the basal branch is clavate, not bifid.
T. moselyi is closely related to T. hickini Kimmins (1957 : 22) from Kenya, both in
male and in female genital structures. In the male the centre branch of the median
lobe of the tenth segment is much longer than the side branches and the two side
lobes are fused into a single spine. In side view, the clasper is more rectangular and
in ventral view the inner margins are parallel to each other and to the outer margins.
In the female, there are two dorsal processes on the fused ninth and tenth segments
and the lower lip of the anal tube is not produced and the lateral gonapophyses are
rounded (not acute) apically.

Triaenodes uncata sp. n.

(Text-figs. 68, 69, 76-81)
UGANDA : Mbanga Forest, Mpigi, P. S. Corbet, i , 4 <j>.

(J HOLOTYPE (in alcohol). General colour pale tawny yellow. Antenna finely annulated with
fuscous, basal segment without dorsal flap but with a small, median, longitudinal carina on
apical half of dorsal surface, which curves over outwards. Fore wing with golden pubescence
and traces of fuscous pubescence (rather denuded). Apical half of stem of M present. Cu ib
represented by a weak cross-vein from anastomosis to Cu 2 + A. In hind wing, /? 4 +5 and M 1+2
confluent for a short distance.

3 GENITALIA. Resembling T. wambana Mosely (1939 : 15), but differing in detail. Ninth
segment with prominent, triangular side-pieces and below them there is a triangular excision
of the lateral margin. Tenth segment comprising a pair of long, slender spines, strongly arched
in side view, their apices crossing in the type. Above these spines (which are fused basally)
are two long, slender cerci and two short processes. Aedeagus arched basally, with a median
dorsal groove, apical part membranous. Clasper stout, about twice as long as wide in side view,
its upper margin elevated about mid-way, then excised before the acute apex. Lower margin
sinuous in side view, apex obliquely truncate. In ventral view, the clasper tapers gradually from
base almost to apex and is then suddenly constricted to a finger, curving inwards from the outer
angle. Inner margin of the clasper produced upwards in apical half to form a rounded setose
lobe. At the extreme base of the clasper there arises, from the dorsal margin, a strong, sickle-
shaped spine, adjacent to the stem of the aedeagus. Just posterior to this spine arises the basal

io8

D. E. KIMMINS

branch, slender basally, directed obliquely upward and caudad, dilating apically and setose.
This branch is very thin and lightly sclerotized and in the course of mounting has twisted
spirally and changed its direction.

? ALLOT YPE (in alcohol). General appearance as in male. Antenna without median carina
on basal segment. In fore wing there is a weak, incomplete vein representing the basal half of

76

FIGS. 76-81. Triaenodes uncata sp. n. Genitalia. 76, <$, lateral; 77, <3, tenth segment,
dorsal ; 78, <$, claspers, ventral ; 80, ?, lateral ; 81, ?, ventral.

the stem of M. Cu lb normal. In hind wing, -ft 4+6 and M 1+2 touching or linked with a short
cross-vein.

? GENITALIA. Apical margin of eighth sternite straight, setose. Ninth and tenth segments
fused, forming a short anal tube, ventral margin of which is produced in a short spatulate lobe.
Sides of anal tube convex, with long setae. Lateral gonapophyses large, ovate, outer surfaces
convex. Subgenital plate complex ; on each side at the base is a deep, ovate hollow. From
beneath, the plate is broad, with rounded lateral margins and a raised median carina at base.

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES 109

The anterior margin has a wide, Y-shaped excision, outer angles acute. Beyond the excision is
another triangular plate, convex and with a deep and narrow apical excision. This plate is
directed obliquely upwards between the lateral gonapophyses.
Length of fore wing, <J, ?, 7 mm.

<$ HOLOTYPE, $ ALLOTYPE (mounted as microscope preparations) and $ paratypes
in 2% formaldehyde solution, in British Museum (Natural History). The male
genitalia of this species are similar in structure to those of T. wambana Mosely.
The chief differences are in the clasper, which in side view is shorter and obliquely
truncate at apex ; the inner marginal lobe is smaller ; the sickle-shaped spine has
no spur. From beneath, the clasper tapers much more abruptly at its apex.

Parasetodes maguira (Mosely)

Leptocerus maguirus Mosely, 1948 : 32, figs. 1-4.
Parasetodes maguira (Mosely) Kimmins, 1956 : 124.

Mosely describes and figures the upper branch of the clasper as being clavate or
truncate at the apex. Examples from the Vaal and Wilge Rivers have genitalia
almost identical with the figure of maguira, apart from the fact that the apex of the
upper branch of the clasper is produced in a slender finger. Mosely's description was
based upon a single example ; I have studied the preparation carefully and, under
a in. objective, it is evident that the extreme apex is damaged and it is probable
that there was originally a similar slender finger in the type of maguira.

Athripsodes harrisoni (Barnard)

Leptocerus harrisoni Barnard, 1934 : 337~33^. n g s - 2 5- 2( >.
Leptocerus calcaratus Barnard, 1941 : 106-07; fig. B (syn. nov.).

Barnard distinguished his species calcaratus from harrisoni on the presence of an
acute tooth on each side of the ninth segment (loth tergite of Barnard) and slight
differences in the shape of the clasper. These differences seem to me to be no more
than individual variation, especially as a paratype of harrisoni shows traces of the
lateral acute processes on the ninth segment.

OECETIS McLachlan

1877 : 329-330 (type-species Leptocerus ochraceus Curtis, 1825).

Setodellina Lestage, 1919 : 202, fig. 5. (type-species Seiodellina albopnnctata Lestage, 1919)
(syn. nov.).

The genus Setodellina was based by Lestage upon a single example, but in neither
the generic nor the specific description does he give any indication of the sex of this
example, merely remarking that the genitalia are difficult to describe on account of
the bad state of the apex of the abdomen. He figures the venation and compares
it with Pseudosetodes Ulmer. No comparison is made with Oecetis, with which genus
it agrees in most characters other than the absence of fork R 2 in the hind wing, a
character which has since been found to be variable in the genus Athripsodes. His
figure shows Sc and R l to be completely fused in the fore wing but no comment is

no D. E. KIMMINS

made on this point ; in the hind wing these veins are shown as separate for most of
their length but in his description they are said to be almost fused and scarcely
visible.

Ulmer (1923 : 15) placed a second species (S. brunnescens) in the genus Setodellina,
figuring the venation and the male genitalia. The hind wing of this species also lacks
the fork R z , but the wings are broader than in the figure of 5. albopunctata and Ulmer
comments that they are otherwise similar to those of Oecetis. The genitalia of S.
brunnescens resemble those of Oecetis gradata, both having the cerci more or less
fused to the tenth segment, forming a broad plate. Martynov (1936 : 271) placed a
number of Asiatic and African species into Setodellina and gave an extended diagnosis
of the genus, including genital characters, particularly the fused cerci. As regards
venation, he remarks that apical fork R 2 may be present or absent in the hind wing,
a fact that lessens its value as a character separating Setodellina from Oecetis. As
far as I known, Martynov did not have the opportunity of studying the type of
S. albopunctata and the genital characters which he gives for Setodellina are based
upon 5. brunnescens Ulmer, upon his own new species and upon various other species
of Oecetis, which he had transferred to Setodellina. In my own paper (1956 : 135),
I accepted Martynov's interpretation of the genus Setodellina, but as material of
further African species has come to hand it has become increasingly difficult to
decide when the cerci cease to be fused with the tenth segment to form a broad plate
or anal tube, some species being intermediate in this respect between Setodellina
and Oecetis, as defined by its type-species, 0. ochracea (Curtis). Both have the inflated,
somewhat globular aedeagus with a downwardly-hooked apex.

Thus a conception of the genus Setodellina had grown up which was based largely
upon species subsequently placed in it and which were not necessarily congeneric
with it. I have been able to study the holotype of Setodellina albopunctata Lestage.
The specimen as sent to me lacked the preparation of the hind wing (Lestage had
removed both left wings for figuring and attached them by their bases to a card with
gum ; the hind wing has at some time become detached from the gum and was miss-
ing). For greater safety, I have now mounted the left fore wing and the right hind
wing (which was somewhat damaged) between two pieces of celluloid. It is clear
from these wings that Lestage's figure of the venation is incorrect as far as the sub-
costa and radius of both wings are concerned. I can see no definite evidence of fork
R z in the remaining hind wing, although there is a slight thickening of the vein at
the point where the fork might be expected to occur. A female of albopunctata in the
British Museum (Nat. Hist.) from Nigeria, Gadau, has a definite fork R z in the hind
wing. I am refiguring the wings of the type (with fore wing reversed) and have
attempted an impression of the pigmentation of the fore wing. The pattern is rather
more definite than I had expected from Lestage's description and recalls that of
examples from Uganda determined by myself as 5. maculipennis (Ulmer). Examina-
tion of the abdomen of the type of albopunctata suggested that it was a female, an
impression which was confirmed by clearing in KOH solution.

Comparison of the wing venation of the female holotype of albopunctata with
Ulmer's figure of maculipennis (1922 : 61) reveals one difference which, though not
of generic importance, may be considered specific (Text-figs. SIA-C). In the fore

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES in

wing of albopunctata, M forks basad of the r-m cross-vein. M 3+4 simulates a cross-
vein from M to Cu la and fuses with the latter vein for a short distance, appearing
as a short stalk to the false fork formed by the divergence of M 3 _,_ 4 and Cu la . In
Ulmer's figure (and in the Uganda examples now placed as maculipennis) the fork
of M is situated beyond the r-m cross-vein and M 3+4 does not fuse with Cu la but is
linked to it by a cross-vein. The use of this character to separate Setodellina from

81 A

FIGS. SIA-C. Oecetis spp., wings. SIA, O. albopunctata (Lestage), 9 holotype ; B, presumed
male of O. albopunctata ; c, O. maculipennis Ulmer, male.

D. E. KIMMINS

Oecetis is not supported by other characters in the various species examined and it
does not seem worth while to maintain any longer the separation of these two genera.

Oecetis albopunctata (Lestage)

(Text-figs. SIA, B, D, E, H-J)
Setodellina albopunctata. Lestage, 1919 : 202-203, fig. 5 (Congo).

UGANDA: Albert Nile, Pakwach, 28-29.^.1956, near Laropi, 27-28.^.1956,
P. S. Corbet, <$.

NIGERIA : Gadau, 11.1933, Buxton & Lewis, i $.

S. AFRICA : Pongola River, Pongola Settlements, 17. ix. 1954, i <.

? GENITALIA OF HOLOTYPE. Eighth stcrnite produced at the centre of its apical margin in an
acutely cuspidate subgenital plate, which is margined at its base by a narrow band of brownish
pigment, which simulates an excision. Ninth tergite rather short and deep, the centre of its

FIGS. SID-G. Oecetis spp., female genitalia. SID, O. albopunctata (Lestage), holotype,
lateral ; E, the same, ventral ; F, O. macitlipennis Ulmer, lateral ; o, the same, ventral.

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES 113

apical margin acutely produced in side view. Tenth segment and cerci fused to form an anal
tube with upper and lower margins produced. Lateral gonapophyses large, thin, the ventral
margin of each turned outwards, slightly hairy, forming a pair of somewhat reniform lobes in
ventral view.

Amongst examples from various localities, originally determined as maculipennis Ulmer, a
short series of males from Albert Nile, Pakwach has the form of M in the fore wing basad of the
r-m cross-vein and the pigmentation of the membrane much as in the type of albopunctata.
Fork R 2 is present in the hind wing (although I do not attach much importance to this), the
examples are smaller than maculipennis and show certain differences in male genitalia. It is
proposed to consider them as the probable male of O. albopunctata (Lestage).

<J GENITALIA. Ninth segment with its dorsal apical margin moderately produced at its centre.
Side-pieces broadly triangular. Cerci ovate, almost completely fused to the tenth segment,
which projects somewhat beyond it in a convex plate with a shallowly excised apical margin.
Aedeagus short, moderately inflated, its apex produced downwards in a short lobe, which is
rounded in side view (acute in S. African example). Clasper slender in side view, extending
beyond the tenth segment. It curves slightly upwards, upper margin sinuously curved. The
apex is not strongly curved upwards beyond mid- way. From beneath, the clasper is moderately
broad at base, apical half constricted and incurved, inner and outer margins sinuous.

Oecetis maculipennis Ulmer

(Text-figs. 8ic, F, G, K-M)
1922 : 61-63, figs. 22-25 (Egyptian Sudan).

Specimens from Uganda and Ghana determined by myself as maculipennis agree
fairly well with Ulmer 's figures. New figures of the <^ genitalia are given from an
example from Lake Victoria, for comparison with albopunctata, in which it will be
seen that the side-pieces of the ninth segment are narrower than in the presumed
albopunctata, and the claspers are broader basally in side view and are curved sharply
upwards in the apical half. The chief difference between these figures and those given
by Ulmer is that in ventral view the claspers are incurved apically, not divergent as
shown by Ulmer.

The female genitalia also follow the pattern of albopunctata, but as in the male,
they differ in detail. The ninth tergite in side view has the apical margin almost
straight and the lower lateral margin is much wider. The lateral gonapophyses are
rather shorter and the apical margin in side view is less obliquely truncate. In ventral
view the apical margin is sinuous. Subgenital plate more abruptly shouldered.
Cerci less closely fused to the tenth segment.

Oecetis absimilis sp. n.

(Text-figs. 82-88)
UGANDA : Mbanga Forest, Mpigi, P. 5. Corbet, 2 <.

cJ HOLOTYPE (in alcohol). General colour pale ochraceous. Antennae with fine piceous annula-
tions, basal segment tinged with pale fuscous. Palpi and anterior legs with sparse fuscous
pubescence. Anterior wing with sparse pale fuscous pubescence, the membrane marked with
fuscous as in the figure.

<J GENITALIA. Ninth segment narrowed dorsally. Tenth segment forming a narrow, hood-like
plate, dilated basally in dorsal view and with the apex slightly excised. At its base, on the dorsal
surface, arise two very short, transparent processes, one on each side of a longer, slender finger,
bearing a few setae. Cerci short and blunt, rather less than half the length of the tenth segment.

n 4

D. E. KIMMINS

K

FIGS. SIH-M. Oecetis spp., male genitalia. SIH, presumed O. albopunctata (Lestage)
lateral ; i, the same, dorsal ; j, the same, ventral ; K, O. maculipennis Ulmer, lateral ;
L, the same, dorsal ; M, the same, ventral.

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES 115

Aedeagus short, strongly arched downwards, its apical part with a median dorsal furrow, in
which arises a short, slender, arched spine. Clasper large, with a flattened, erect basal lobe, its apex
broader than its base, slightly concave in side view and armed with strong setae. The main
part of the left clasper is roughly rectangular in side view, slightly arched and with the upper
apical angle rounded. From above or beneath, the clasper is subtriangular, upper margin bearing
a few stout setae, inner surface concave apically. The upper margin of the right clasper is

FIGS. 82-88. Oeceiis absimilis sp. n. <$. 82, wings ; 83, genitalia, lateral ; 84, aedeagus,
lateral ; 85, tenth segment, dorsal ; 86, apex of aedeagus, dorsal ; 87, claspers, dorsal ;
88, the same, ventral.

produced in an inwardly directed, spatulate lobe, overlapping the left clasper. Internally, near
the base of each clasper, is a strongly setose lobe.
Length of fore wing, <$, 6 mm.

$ HOLOTYPE (in 2% formaldehyde solution), <$ paratype mounted as microscope
preparations, in British Museum (Nat. Hist.). This species appears to belong to the
kathia-angustipennis group (Mosely, 1939 : 17-18), in which there is a basal lobe on
the clasper. In 0. absimilis, this lobe is more developed than in most of them and it
also differs from them in having the tenth segment in the form of a hood rather than
a pair of spines. The specific name refers to the dissimilarity in the form of the right
and left claspers.

lib

D. E. KIMMINS

Setodes njala sp. n.

(Text-figs. 89-94)

SIERRA LEONE : Njala, i.iv.i932, E. Hargreaves, r , " Setodes sp. n. dct. M. E.
Mosely ", I $, " Setodes sp. det. M. E. Mosely ".

;J HOLOTYPK (pinned). Head tawny yellow, with golden pubescence and three snow-white
longitudinal lines on vertex. Antenna tawny yellow, basal segment with a snow-white line

FIGS. 89-94. Setodes njala sp. n. 89, wings,- <3 ; 90, cJ, genitalia, lateral ; 91, <$, dorsal
92, cJ, claspers and aedeagus, ventral ; 93, ?, genitalia, lateral ; 94, ?, ventral.

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES 117

externally. Palpi tawny. Thorax tawny, with golden pubescence and three snow-white longi-
tudinal lines. Legs pale luteous. Fore wing with dense golden brown pubescence, most of the
cells with a longitudinal white line bordered with fuscous pubescence. Apical cells with a white
spot bordered with fuscous. Hind wing hyaline.

<J GENITALIA. Ninth segment rather short, its dorsal margin short and fused with the tenth
segment. Cerci about as long as the ninth segment, slender, somewhat flattened dorsoventrally.
Tenth segment produced in two long, slender, slightly sinuous spines arising from a common
base. Aedeagus short, stout, apex downcurved, upper surface membranous and enclosing a
shorter, stout spine. Clasper short and stout, the lower part forming a rounded plate, whose
inner margin is slightly produced. Upper portion produced in two short processes, the upper
incurved and acute, the lower digitate and hairy.

? ALLOTYPE. Resembling the male but rather smaller. ? GENITALIA. Ninth segment forming
a complete ring. From its upper margin project two short, digitate lobes, bearing a few setae.
Centre of the ventral margin with a small rounded depression, giving the appearance of an
excision. Lateral gonapophyses large, subquadrate, from the side, shallowly excised at the apex.
From beneath, they are acute apically, lower margin carinate, inner surface convex, outer
surface concave basally. Tenth tergite reduced to a small, rounded, transparent knob between
the digitate processes of the ninth segment. Within the ninth segment is a shallow, convex
subanal plate, with a rounded apex.

Length of fore wing, <J, 4 mm.; $, 3-7 mm.

J HOLOTYPE pinned (with one pair of wings and the abdomen mounted as micro-
scope preparations), $ ALLOTYPE pinned (abdomen cleared and in glycerine), in
British Museum (Nat. Hist.). The markings of the fore wing recall those of Hemilep-
tocerus gregarius Ulmer (1922 : 56) and H. hargreavesi (Ulmer, 1931 : 25), but the
hind wing is relatively less wide than in these species. The types are smaller than
any described species of Setodes from Africa known to me, and the $ genitalia are
also different.

Trichosetodes triangularis sp. n.

(Text-figs. 95-101)
S. AFRICA : Orange Free State, Swinburne, 9 . xii . 1958, i <$.

<3 HOLOTYPE. The specimen was collected in alcohol and is rather rubbed and
faded. The wings bore only traces of pubescence and no description of the wing
pattern (if any) can be given. The hair tufts on the basal segment of the antennae
are likewise abraded, but these segments are of the typical elongate, cylindrical form
of Trichosetodes. The wings are more acute apically than in T. anysa Mosely (1948 : 39),
semibrunnea Ulmer (1923 : 13) or lacustris Kimmins (1953 : 278).

cJ GENITALIA. Conforming to the general pattern of the African species. Ninth segment cut
back dorsally to a narrow, transverse band. Tenth segment produced in a pair of simple, slender
spines, extending beyond the apices of the claspers. Cerci short, about one-third the length of
the spines of the tenth segment. Aedeagus broad at its base in side view, arched sharply down-
ward and tapering to a blunt apex. From its dorsal surface arises a strong, acute paramere,
arching over the aedeagus and separated from it by a wide gap. Clasper triangular in side view,
stout at base, apex curving upward and acute. On its upper surface arise two processes, the
basal one the longer and more slender, its apex triangularly dilated inwardly in dorsal aspect.
The second one arises about mid-way, is about half as long as basal and is stouter. From beneath,
the clasper is convex on its outer margin. Inner margin more or less straight, with a small

D. E. KIMMINS

FIGS. 95-101. Trichosetodes spp. . 95-98, T. triangulavis sp. n. 95, wings ; 96,
genitalia, lateral ; 97, dorsal ; 98, claspers, ventral ; 99, T. lacustris Kimmins, aedeagus
and claspers, lateral; 100, T. anysa Mosely, the same aspect; 101, T. semibrunnea
Ulmer, same aspect.

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES 119

excision in its basal half. Ventral apical margin of ninth segment shallowly excised at its
centre.

Length of fore wing, 7 mm.

<$ HOLOTYPE mounted as microscope preparations, in British Museum (Nat. Hist.).
This species differs from the other described African species in its stout, triangular
clasper and the wide separation of the paramere and aedeagus. This very noticeable
feature led me to re-examine the preparations of the other species. Indications of a
slender paramere occur in both semibrunnea and in anysa, but there is no evident
paramere in lacustris. Figures are given of the lateral aspect of the aedeagus and
clasper of the other three species for comparison.

Leptocerus inflatus sp. n.

(Text-figs. 102-107)

S. AFRICA: Transvaal, Vaal River, above Klip confluence, x.1957, 2 <$, i $ ;
Vaal Barrage, 1957, 2 $, 4 ?.

cJ HOLOTYPE (collected in alcohol). Head brown, two basal segments of antenna pale brown,
remaining segments pale luteous, annulated with piceous. Palpi dull brownish, with fuscous
pubescence. Thorax brown. Legs very pale brownish. Fore wing with fuscous pubescence, with a
patch of creamy white, broadened hairs on anterior margin near apex of Sc, extending triangularly
as far as anterior margin of discoidal cell, and with iridescent scales extending to posterior margin
of cell. There are traces of creamy white hairs just basad of the discoidal cell and a patch of
iridescent scales between Rs and Cu la at the same level. A few scattered iridescent scales near
base of wing. Wings narrow, acute, hind wing tapering more gradually than in L. neavei (Mosely,
19320 : 130).

c? GENITALIA. Ninth segment reduced dorsally to a narrow, transverse band. Ventral margin
slightly produced, with a small median excision. Tenth segment with an ovate median lobe,
apex truncate, in side view raised above the side lobes. The latter consist of two asymmetric
blade-like spines and two slender digitate processes, about equal in length to the longer of the
spines and terminating in a few setae. Aedeagus strongly arched downward, with a median
dorsal trough in the apical third, apex narrowed and rounded in ventral view. On each side, at
about mid-way, the upper margin is expanded in a membranous, bilobed process, covered with
minute setae. Clasper gently sinuous in side view, without the basal ventral projection present
in the other described African species. Its dorsal margin towards the base is slightly elevated.
In ventral view, the clasper is broad at its base, tapering to a narrow, slightly incurved apex.

? ALLOTYPE (collected in alcohol). General appearance much as in male, but the iridescent
scales on the fore wing are few, possibly denuded.

? GENITALIA. Eighth sternite produced in a more pigmented subgenital plate, its apical margin
triangular, lateral margins slightly concave, apex rounded. Ninth and tenth tergites fused,
the tenth more sclerotized and bearing patches of setae, apical margin rounded. Lateral gonapo-
physes extending beyond the apex of tenth segment, elongate, slightly dilated and obliquely
truncate.

Length of fore wing, <$, ?, 7 mm.

c HOLOTYPE (mounted as microscope preparations), $ ALLOTYPE (in 2% formal-
dehyde solution) in British Museum (Nat. Hist.), $, $ paratypes in Dr. Scott's
collection. This species is perhaps closest to L. neavei (Mosely) in male genital struc-
ture, but it differs from all the described African species of Leptocerus in the absence
of the ventral projection at the base of the clasper.

D. E. KIMMJNS

FIGS. 102-107. Leptocerus inflatus sp. n. 102, c?, wings ; 103, cJ, genitalia, lateral ; 104,
c?, dorsal ; 105, <$, claspers, ventral ; 106, ?, genitalia, lateral ; 107, $, ventral.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BARNARD, K. H. 1934. South African Caddis -flies. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 21 : 291-394, 52 figs.
- 1941- May-flies and Caddis-flies from Natal, Basutoland and Pondoland. Ann. Durban

Mus. 3 : 105-108, figs. A-C.
BRAUER, F. 1875. Beschreibung neuer und ungeniigend bekannter Phryganiden und Oestri-

den. Verh. zool. hot. Ges., Wien, 25 : 69-74, pi- 4-
KIMMINS, D. E. 1953. Trichoptera collected by Miss R. H. Lowe in Uganda, with descriptions

of three new species of Leptoceridae. Entomologist, 86 : 274-278, 8 figs.

NEW AFRICAN CADDIS-FLIES 121

KIMMINS, D. E. 1956. New and little-known species of the Leptocerinae (Trichoptera) from

the African mainland (south of the Mediterranean region). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond.

108 : 117-146, 18 figs.
1957. New and little-known species of African Trichoptera. Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.)

Ent. 6 : 1-37, 27 figs.
LESTAGE, J.-A. 1919. Notes sur quelques Nevropteres (Ephemeres et Trichopteres) du Congo

Beige. Rev. Zool. afr. 6 : 193-204, 5 figs.
MARLIER, G. 1955. Un Trichoptere pelagique nouveau du lac Tanganyika. Rev. Zool. Bot.

afr. 52 : 150-155, figs. 1-3.
MARTYNOV, A. B. 1935. C* n a collection of Trichoptera from the Indian Museum. Part I.

Annulipalpia. Rec. 2nd. Mus. 37 : 93-209, 109 figs.

1936. On a collection of Trichoptera from the Indian Museum. Part II. Integripalpia.

Ibid. 38 : 239-306, 74 figs.

MCLACHLAN, R. 1872. Materiaux pour une Faune nevropterologique de 1'Asie Septentrionale.

Ann. Soc. ent. Belg. 15 : 60-71, pis. 1-2.
1874-80. A monographic revision and synopsis of the Trichoptera of the European Fauna.

iv + 523 pp. and Supplements, parts I-II, pp. i-lxxxiv, 59 pis. London, John van Voorst.
MOSELY, M. E. 1932. Contributions a 1'etude de la Faune du Mozambique, Voyage de M. P.

Lesne (1928-29) 12* Note Trichoptera. Mem. Est. Mus. zool. Univ. Coimbra, (i) 64 : 1-8,

pi. i.

19320. More African Leptoceridae (Trichoptera). Stylops, 1 : 128-134, *8 figs.

1936. New African Trichoptera. Ann. Mag. n. H. (10) 17 : 429-451, 48 figs.

1939. Trichoptera. Ruwenzori Exped. 1934-5, 3 (i) : 1-40, 3 pis., 123 figs.

1948. Trichoptera collected by Miss R. H. Lowe at Lake Nyasa. Ann. Mag. n. H. (12) 1 :

31-47, 27 figs.
NAVAS, L. 1914. Notes sur quelques Nevropteres du Congo Beige. III. Rev. zool. afr. 4 :

172-182, pi. 5

1916. Neuropteros nuevos o poco conocidos (Septima serie). Mem. Ac. Ci. Barcelona,
12 (13) : 1-27.

Ross, H. H. 1944. The Caddis Flies, or Trichoptera, of Illinois. ///. nat. Hist. Surv. Bull.

23 (i) : 1-326, 961 figs.
ULMER, G. 1906. Neuer Beitrag zur Kenntnis aussereuropaischer Trichopteren. Notes

Leyden Mus. 28 : 1-116, 114 figs.

1907. Neue und wenig bekannte Trichopteren der Museen zu Briissel und Paris. Ann.
Soc. ent. Belg. 49 : 17-42, 31 figs.

19070. Trichopteren (Macronematinae). Collections zoologiques du Baron Edm. de Selys
Longchamps. Catalogue systematique et descriptif. Fasc. 6 (2) : 1-121, 6 pis. 119 figs.

19076. Trichoptera. Wytsman's Genera Insectorum. Fasc. 60a : 1-259, 41 pis.

1912. Trichopteren von Aquatorial-Afrika. Wiss. Ergeb. D. Zentral-Afrika Exp. 4 (Zool.):
81-125, figs. 1-50.

1922-23. Trichopteren aus dem aegyptischen Sudan und aus Kamerun. Mitt. Munch.

ent. Ges. 12 : 47-63, figs. 1-26, 13 : 9-20, figs. 26-36.

1924. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der mit Unterstutzung der Akademie der Wissens-

chaften in Wien aus der Erbschaft Treitl von F. Werner unterbommenen zoologischen
Expedition nach dem Anglo-Aegyptischen Sudan (Kordofan) 1914. XII. Trichopteren und
Ephemeropteren. Denks. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Naturw. 99 : 1-9, 9 figs.

1931. Trichoptera von Afrika (hauptsachlich aus dem Britisch Museum). Dtsch. ent.

Zeitschr. 1931 : 1-29, 30 figs.

1951. Kocherfliegen (Trichopteren) von den Sunda-Inseln (Teil I). Arch. Hydrobiol.
Suppl. Bd. 19 : 1-528, 28 pis.

ENTOM. 12, 2.

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY
ADLARD AND SON, LIMITED,
BARTHOLOMEW PRESS, DORKING

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW

GENUS AND NEW SPECIES AND

SUBSPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA :

LYCAENIDAE)

T. H. E. JACKSON

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 12 No. 3

LONDON : 1962

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW GENUS

AND NEW SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES

(LEPIDOPTERA : LYCAENIDAE)

BY

T. H. E. JACKSON

Kapretwa, Kitale, Kenya jf

1

Pp. 123-163 ; Plates 1-13 ; i Text-figure

BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)

ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 12 No. 3

LONDON: 1962

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical Series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 12, No. 3 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow
those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

Trustees of the British Museum 1962

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM

Issued 29 May 1962 Price Twenty-seven and Sixpence

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF A NEW GENUS AND NEW SPECIES
AND SUBSPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA : LYCAENIDAE)

By T. H. E. JACKSON

CONTENTS

Epitola Page

The HEWITSONI group . . . . . . . . .126

The POSTHUMUS group . . . . . . . . .128

The CARCINA and NITIDE groups . . . . . . -130

The PINODES group . . . . . . . . .142

The SUBLUSTRIS group . . . . . . . . 152

The ALBA group .......... 155

x Species incertae sedis . . . . . . . . 155

Species incorrectly placed in Epitola . . . . . 155

Discussion ........... 156

Stempfferia ............ 157

Neavia . . . . . . . . . . . .158

Epitolina . . . . . . . . . . . 159

Hewitsonia ........... 160

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......... 161

REFERENCES ........... 161

INDEX ............ 163

SYNOPSIS

The genus Epitola is brought up to date with further association of the sexes. New species and
subspecies are described, as well as a new genus.

Genus EPITOLA Westwood

THE genus Epitola Westwood was revised by P. J. L. Roche (1954). In this excellent
paper will be found a history of the genus, a check list of the species, a working key
to the males and descriptions of all new species to that date. Since then, however,
many new species have been discovered and an attempt is made here to bring the
genus up to date, and further, to integrate the females. The latter is admittedly
a difficult task ; it was scarcely touched by Aurivillius in Seitz (1920), and not at all
by Roche, but considerable evidence has accumulated either from species taken
in cop., bred, or taken together in large numbers to warrant a preliminary arrange-
ment, and it is felt that this is long overdue. In addition, a careful study of the
underside markings is sometimes sufficient. The arrangement of the species in this
paper largely follows that of Roche but, with the exception of the first two groups
and the last, they have been rearranged according to the colour and markings of the
females. This produces a large measure of agreement with Roche's keys, but some

ENTOM. 12, 3. 8

126 T. H. E. JACKSON

interesting discrepancies. With the exception of those of a few type specimens,
which are not available for study, all records mentioned in this paper have been
personally checked by the present author or by Monsieur H. Stempffer of Paris.
All types are in British Museum (Nat. Hist.) unless otherwise stated.

THE HEWITSONI GROUP
Epitola crippsi Stoneham

9 Epitola crippsi Stoneham, 1933 : i, pi. 2.
Type. KENYA : Soy. (Stoneham Mus., Kenya.)

<$ undescribed : the male of this species was taken by the writer some years ago
at Busia, Uganda and forwarded to Europe. The specimen has unfortunately been
mislaid and so the description cannot be included here. The male is almost identical
with the female, but with sex brands.

Recorded from : KENYA : Soy ; UGANDA : Busia.

Epitola hewitsoni Mabille
(PL 13, figs. 124, 130)

c? Epitola hewitsoni Mabille, 1877 : 221.

Type. ANGOLA : Cabinda, Landana. (Paris Mus.)

Epitola hewitsoni Mabille ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 65, d.

Recorded from : CAMEROONS : Bitje ; ANGOLA : Cabinda.

Epitola hewitsonioides Hawker-Smith

cj, $ Epitola hewitsonioides Hawker-Smith, 1933 : u.
Types. CONGO : Middle Lowa Valley, near Walikale.

Recorded from : CAMEROONS : Bitje ; FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Etoumbi, Mambili
Forest ; CONGO : Equator, Eala, Lomami River.

Epitola miranda miranda Staudinger
(PL i, fig. i, PL 2, fig. 10)

<J Epitola miranda Staudinger, 1889 : 176.
Type. SIERRA LEONE. (Staudinger Coll.)
Epitola miranda Staudinger ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 64, e.

$. Legs dark brown with paler spots at the joints ; palps light brown below with black tips,
dark brown above ; eyes dark brown ; frons dark brown with two pale lines ; antennal shaft
black above, minutely checkered white below ; club with orange tip.

Upper side forewing : brown ; a subapical series of elongate yellowish spots in 5, 6 and 7, 4 mm.
long, and a yellow streak in 8. A faint pale spot astride vein 2.

Upper side hindwing : brown, immaculate.

Underside : similar to the male, but paler, the yellow fore wing spots reproduced below, but
paler.

Length of fore wing : 27 mm.

Neallotype $. SIERRA LEONE. Rothschild bequest.

Recorded from : SIERRA LEONE ; NIGERIA : Lagos Dist., Oshodi and Kaba
Prov. ; CAMEROONS.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 127

Epitola miranda vidua Talbot

(PL I, fig. 2, PL 2, fig. II)

? Epitola miranda vidua Talbot, 1935 : 75.

Type. UGANDA : Sesse Isles, Bugalla Is., Lutoboka. (Hope Dept., Oxford.)

This is not a well-differentiated subspecies and the male differs scarcely at all from
miranda miranda.

cJ. Legs dark brown, faintly paler at the joints ; palps light brown below with black tips,
dark brown above ; eyes and frons brown ; antennal shaft black above, very minutely checkered
white below ; club with small yellow tip.

The following small points may be noted :

On fore wing above the blue spot in space 2 is narrower and the spots in 4, 5 and 6 are longer ;
in hind wing the distal border is narrower, especially at anal angle. Below the postdiscal pale
spots on fore wing are longer and more distinct, especially in 2 and 3. Otherwise as in the typical
race.

Neallotype $. UGANDA: Bwamba, iv.i942. T. H. E. Jackson.

Seen flying rapidly across the open, between trees on an open hillside at Katera,
Buddu about n a.m. ; the females laying on lichen-covered, ant-infested tree trunks
later in the day.

Recorded from : UGANDA : Katera, Kayonza, Kigezi and Bwamba, Sesse Islands,
Lutoboka, Bugalla Island, Siroko River near Mt. Elgon.

Epitola decellei Stempffer

c? Epitola decellei Stempffer, 1956 : 30, fig. 16, genitalia pi. 2, figs, u, 12.
Type. CONGO : Stanleyville, Yangambi. (M.R.C.B., Tervuren.)

$. Unknown.

Recorded only from the type locality.

Epitola stempfferi sp. n.

(PL 13, figs. 122, 123, 128, 129)

$ and 9- Closely allied to hewitsoni Mabille and decellei Stempffer, and of the
same shape.

Legs dark sepia, unspotted ; palps dark brown above and below ; frons and eyes dark brown ;
antennal shaft black above, checkered white below ; club black.

<J. Upper side fore wing : black with brilliant greenish blue basal and discal areas ; costal
border black up to the upper median and thereafter linear to the apical patch ; apex and margin
broadly black ; blue area extends from inner margin to upper median, covering i and 2 to within

4 mm. of distal margin, the bases of 3, 4 and 5 and the whole of the cell ; thereafter three blue
streaks postdiscal in 7, 8 and 9 and two small blue spots in 5 and 6 ; large V-shaped wedge of
black ground colour invading the blue area above apex of cell.

Upper side hind wing : black with blue basal discal patch from veins 1-7 with a blue streak
in the base of space 8 ; distal margin of this patch irregular leaving a broad black distal border

5 mm. wide on vein 5 and 3 mm. wide on vein 2 ; space ib black throughout.

Underside fore wing : smoky brown with lighter patch along inner margin nearly to vein 2
and a series of small obscure whitish subapical spots placed obliquely in spaces 5-7 ; a slightly
paler submarginal area between veins 3-5.

128 T. H. E. JACKSON

Underside hind wing : clear brownish violet with black or brown spots and markings ; three
small black sub-basal spots, the first just below 8, the second in the cell and the third between
vein 2 and the lower median ; five rounded black discal spots, the first below vein 8, the second
and third confluent and in the cell, the fourth between vein 2 and the lower median, and the
fifth between 2 and ib ; a black spot on the lower discocellular ; a small, triangular black spot
between the lower median and the origin of vein 2 ; a fine, very irregular postdiscal black line
running between 6 and 2 ; a series of large confluent, submarginal brown spots, forming a broad
band, nearly continuous from apex to anal angle.

This species may be distinguished at once, in the male, from its nearest neighbours,
decellei Stempffer and hewitsoni Mabille by the much broader black border in hind
wing and by the invasion of the blue band in fore wing by a wedge of the black ground
colour.

It is worthy of note that both the above are female characters and this is the only
species known with such characters in the male.

?. Upperside fore wing : brown with blue patch from base to beyond the middle, bounded
along the costa by the subcostal vein and reaching the inner margin. Distally covering the base
of spaces 4, 5 and 6, projecting sharply distad in 2 and 3 and again in i and la. A series of small
blue postdiscal spots in 5, 6 and 7.

Upperside hind wing : brown with large blue patch reaching to within 2 mm. of the margin
in i and 3 and gradually receding to 6 mm. on vein 6. Bounded costally by vein 6 but with a few
blue scales in the base of space 6 above it. The distal margin of the blue area very dislegnic.

Underside : exactly as in the male but with larger postdiscal spots in fore wing.

Length of fore wing : <$ 24 mm., $ 27 mm.

Holotype^. GABOON: Douano. 27. ix. 1951. P. Rougeot leg. Coll. Stempffer.

Allotype $. FR. EQUAT. AFRICA: Ouesso, Ketta Forest, vii.igsg. T. H. E.
Jackson.

Recorded from : GABOON : Douano ; FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Ouesso ; CONGO :
Buta Dist., Yopole.

This species is named in honour of Monsieur H. Stempffer of Paris.

THE POSTHUMUS GROUP
Epitola posthumus (Fabricius)

cJ Papilio posthumus Fabricius, 1793 : 149.

Type. Missing.

Epitola posthumus (Fabricius) ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 64, e.

$ Epitola belli Hewitson, 1874 : 382.

Recorded from : NIGERIA ; BR. CAMEROONS ; FR. CAMEROONS ; GHANA ; FR.
EQUAT. AFRICA ; CONGO ; UGANDA.

Epitola urania urania Kirby
(PI. i, fig. 3, PL 2, fig. 12, PL 9, fig. 85, PL 10, fig. 95)

cJ Epitola urania Kirby, 1887 : 441.
Type. CAMEROONS.

?. Legs black with small pale brown lines at joints ; palps black above and below, with a
small white spot above ; frons black with white edges ; eyes black ; antennal shaft black above
and below ; club yellow-tipped below.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 129

Upperside fore wing : black with blue basal and discal area bounded by the subcostal and
reaching the inner margin, distally covering the base of spaces 4, 5 and 6 for 5 mm.; projecting
distad in 3 and 2 and to within 3 mm. of the margin in i, and 4 mm. in la. Small blue spots
half-way along the costa in 7 and 8 and streaks in 9 and 10.

Upperside hind wing : black with large blue discal patch reaching to the base and bounded
by veins i and 7. A wide black border distally, 7 mm. on vein 6 but becoming narrower towards
the anal angle, where the blue colour almost reaches the margin.

Underside : as in the male.

Length of fore wing : 35 mm.

Neallotype $. CAMEROONS : Suffer! bequest.

Recorded from : SIERRA LEONE ; IVORY COAST ; LIBERIA ; NIGERIA ; GABOON ;
FR. EQUAT. AFRICA.

Epitola urania tanganikensis Joicey & Talbot
(PI. i, fig. 4, PI. 2, fig. 13)

$ Epitola urania tanganikensis Joicey & Talbot, 1921 : 86, pi. 14, fig. 63.
Type. BELGIAN CONGO : Albertville.

$. Legs, eyes, etc. as in the typical race, but antennal shaft checkered white
below.

Agrees with the description of the male, loc. cit., except for the presence of a costal
spot, in 7 and the reduction of the blue area in hind wing, as in the typical female.

Neallotype $. UGANDA: Toro, Kibale Forest, 11.1951. T. H. E. Jackson.

Males observed flying, briefly, high up in Kibale Forest, Toro, and settling on
creeper tendrils ; females laying on tree trunks among Crematogaster ants.

Recorded from : CONGO : Albertville, Katanga ; UGANDA : Bwamba and Toro.

Epitola crowleyi crowleyi Sharpe

(J, - Epitola crowleyi Sharpe, 1890 : 106.

Types. SIERRA LEONE.

o*, - Epitola crowleyi Sharpe ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 64, e.

Recorded from : SIERRA LEONE ; NIGERIA ; CAMEROONS ; FR. EQUAT. AFRICA ;
GHANA ; CONGO ; UGANDA.

Epitola semibrunnea Baker

<$ Epitola crowleyi var. semibrunnea Baker, 1916 : 378.
Type. CAMEROONS.

$ Epitola ammon Joicey & Talbot, 1921 : 83, pi. 14, figs. 60, 61.
Type. CONGO : Penghe, North bank, Ituri River.

Only the types are known to the author.

Epitola ceraunia Hewitson

cJ Epitola ceraunia Hewitson, 1879 : 149.

Type. WEST AFRICA (Rutherford).

Epitola ceraunia Hewitson ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 64, e.

. Epitola dewitzi Kirby, 1887 : 442.

Type. CAMEROONS. Bred.

130 T. H. E. JACKSON

Recorded from : SIERRA LEONE ; IVORY COAST ; LIBERIA ; TOGO ; GHANA
NIGERIA ; BR. CAMEROONS ; FR. CAMEROONS ; FR. EQUAT. AFRICA ; CONGO
UGANDA.

Epitola adolphifriderici Schultze

<J, Epitola adolphi friderici Schultze, 1911 : 95.
Epitola adolphifriderici Schultze ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 65, b.
Types. SOUTH CAMEROONS : Yukaduma. (Coll. Senckenberg.)

THE CARCINA AND NITIDE GROUPS

A. $$. Brown with large white discal patch in fore wing.
Epitola marginata marginata Kirby

cJ Epitola marginata Kirby, 1887 : 443.

Type. CAMEROONS.

Epitola marginata Kirby ; Grose-Smith & Kirby, i. 1889 : Lye. Afr. pi. 7, figs. 5, 6.

9 Epitola marginata Kirby ; Joicey & Talbot, 1921 : 85, pi. 14, figs. 56, 57.

Type. CONGO : Albertville.

Recorded from : CAMEROONS : Bitje, Johann Albrechts Hohe ; NIGERIA : Pt.
Harcourt and Bassa Prov. ; FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Ketta and Mambili ; CONGO :
Albertville ; UGANDA : Kigezi, Kayonza.

Epitola marginata umbratilis Holland

Epitola umbratilis Holland, 1890 : 425.

Type. GABON : " Upper waters of the River Ogove." (Carnegie Mus., Pittsburg.)

This subspecies is probably a synonym of marginata Kirby.
Recorded from : CAMEROONS : Yukaduma, Barombi.

Epitola moyambina Baker
(PI. i, fig. 5, PI. 2, fig. 14)

(J Epitola moyambina Baker, 1903 : 330.
Type. SIERRA LEONE : Moyamba.

9 Very similar to the females of cercene Hewitson, convex a Roche and intermedia Roche, and
about the same size.

Legs dark brown with white spots at joints ; palps brown, black-tipped with whitish lateral
spots ; frons brown with white edges ; eyes brown ; antennal shaft black above, checkered
white below ; club orange-tipped.

Upperside fore wing : black-brown with white postdiscal band and basal areas blue. Cell,
half space i and the extreme base of 2 blue. A large triangular spot of the black ground colour
invading the discal area with apex half-way along the discocellular. Postdiscal white band from
1-7, its distal edge nearly straight from veins 2-7, and sharply toothed in space 2. A small
kink basad on vein 7 and narrowing abruptly in space i. The almost straight distal margin
of the white band distinguishes it from the other members of this group. In specimens from
Sierra Leone this band is broader.

Upperside hind wing : dark grey-brown, immaculate.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 131

Underside fore wing : ground colour brown-grey, the white postdiscal band reproduced as
above but reaching the costa and becoming pale yellow from space 3 to the costa. Grey sub-
marginal and marginal lines as in the male.

Underside hind wing : brown-grey with markings as in the male.

Length of fore wing : 20 mm.

Neallotype $. NIGERIA: Lagos Dist., Oshodi. iv.i955. T. H. E. Jackson.
Recorded from: SIERRA LEONE ; IVORY COAST ; NIGERIA ; GHANA : Ashanti.

Epitola cercene Hewitson

cj Epitola cercene Hewitson, 1873 : 150.

Type. ANGOLA.

Epitola cercene Hewitson ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 65, /.

$ Epitola versicolor Kirby, 1887 : 444 (syn. n.).

Type. CAMEROONS.

Recorded from : W. AFRICA to UGANDA and ANGOLA.

Epitola intermedia Roche
(PL i, fig. 6, PL 2, fig. 15)

<J Epitola intermedia Roche, 1954 : 49^, pi- 2O > n 8 s - JI > I2 -
Type. UGANDA : Katera.

$. Similar to moyambina Bethune-Baker and to cercene Hewitson, but distal edge of fore
wing white patch more or less rounded and underside different. Legs light brown with lighter
joints ; palps light brown above and below ; frons light brown with white edges ; eyes brown ;
antennal shaft black above, checkered minutely white below ; club orange-tipped.

Upperside fore wing : black-brown ; cell and basal third of space i brown with sparse blue
scales. A broad white postdiscal band with rounded distal edge, just invading the cell proximad.
A small triangular patch on the discocellular. The white band is slightly dentate in 2 and 3, but
thereafter rounded and even to vein 9. This band stretches from ia-g, as in cercene.

Upperside hind wing : dark grey-brown ; immaculate.

Underside fore wing : very pale brownish grey with white band as above, but slightly yellowish
near the costa markings in apical area faint.

Underside hind wing : very pale brownish grey with markings as in the male.

Length of fore wing ; 18 mm.

Neallotype $. UGANDA: Katera. ix.i949. T. H. E. Jackson.
Recorded from : UGANDA : Katera and Budongo.

Epitola convexa Roche
(PL i, fig. 7, PL 2, fig. 16)

cJ Epitola convexa Roche, 1954 : 496, pi. 20, figs, u, 12.
Type. UGANDA : Bwamba.

$. Very similar to the females of moyambina Baker, cercene Hewitson and intermedia Roche.
Legs brown, heavily scaled whitish ; palps light brown above and below ; eyes brown ; frons
brown edged whitish ; antennal shaft black above, checkered white below ; club yellow-
tipped.

Upperside fore wing : black-brown ; basal area of i and cell brown with blue scales, more blue
than in intermedia but less than in cercene and moyambina. A triangular black spot on the disco-
cellular, longer and more pointed than in the other species and reaching almost to the lower

132 T. H. E. JACKSON

angle of the cell. Broad white postdiscal band, double-toothed in space 2, thereafter narrowing
in squared steps between 3, 4 and 5, and 6-9, stretching from veins ia-g.

Upperside hind wing : dark grey-brown ; immaculate.

Underside fore wing : scarcely differs from cercene Hewitson, except for the slightly different
distal margin of the white band. Submarginal and marginal lines as in male.

Underside hind wing : grey-brown, with markings as in the male.

Length of fore wing ; 21 mm.

Neallotype $. UGANDA: Unyoro, Budongo Forest, vm.ig^j. T. H. E.
Jackson.

Recorded from : FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Etoumbi and Ouesso ; UGANDA : Bwamba,
Budongo and Mpigi.

Epitola cercenoides Holland

<$ Epitola cercenoides Holland, 1890 : 424.

Type. GABOON : " Upper waters of the River Ogove." (Carnegie Mus., Pittsburg.)

$ Epitola batesi Druce, 1910 : 365, pi. 34, figs. 2, 3.

Type. CAMEROONS : Bitje.

<$, $ Epitola batesi Druce ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 64, h.

Recorded from : WEST AFRICA to UGANDA.

Epitola uniformis Kirby

(PI. i, fig. 8, PL 2, fig. 17)

(J Epitola uniformis Kirby, 1887 : 445.

Type. NIGERIA : Lagos.

Epitola uniformis Kirby ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 64, h.

$ Epitola versicolor Kirby, 1887 : 444. (Described as the male.)

Epitola leonina Staudinger ; Seitz, 1920 : 355.

$. There has been considerable confusion in the past over the females of uni-
formis Kirby, leonina Staudinger and zelza Hewitson. The female described by
Kirby, loc. cit. and figured in Seitz, 64, h, is the female of zelza Hewitson. Similarly,
the female ascribed by Aurivillius in Seitz, p. 355, to leonina Staudinger is the
female of uniformis Kirby. The following evidence is considered conclusive.

1. An examination of the underside of leonina Staudinger shows that it belongs to
the group containing zelza Hewitson, tumentia H. Druce, badura Kirby and nigro-
venata sp. n. All the females of this group are brown with blue discal areas. It
seems probable, therefore, that the female of leonina will be similar. Further, in
the eastern Congo and extreme west of Uganda (Bwamba) leonina flies with a blue
female and in the west a similar female is found in the same areas as the male.

2. If the above is correct then the black and white female must belong to uniformis
and it is significant that this female occurs in all localities cited for the male. The
only alternative to this is that this black and white female is merely a variety of
cercenoides Holland with blue scaling covering the disc of the hind wing, an unlikely
hypothesis, since it would leave uniformis, a comparatively common species, without
a known female of any sort. On average; also, the females with the blue discal area
in hind wing, are smaller than those of cercenoides.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 133

This insect was described by Aurivillius in Seitz, under the name leonina Staudinger,
but a fuller description is given below :

. Nearest to cercenoides Holland, but with blue discal area in hind wing.

Legs dark brown with paler joints ; palps dark brown above and below, also eyes and frons ;
antennal shaft black above, checkered below ; club orange-tipped.

Upperside fore wing : black-brown ; cell and extreme base of i blue ; a large black triangular
spot on the discocellular ; broad white postdiscal band not invading the cell and with evenly
curved distal edge, becoming yellowish towards the costa and stretching from veins la to 9.
Slight indentations in 2 and 3 but less so than in cercenoides.

Upperside hind wing : dark brown ; a blue patch covering the basal two-thirds of the cell,
the extreme base of space 3 and the basal third of i. This blue area is variable ; it may extend
over the whole cell and beyond or be reduced to some scattered blue scales, but is present in all
specimens before me.

Underside fore wing : grey-brown ; the postdiscal band strongly yellow from vein i to the
costa ; apical markings prominent as in male. Basal grey-brown area distally V-shaped in which
it differs from cercenoides.

Underside hind wing : grey-brown with prominent lines as in male.

Length of fore wing : 16 mm.

Neallotype $. FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Ouesso, Ketta Forest, ix.igsg. T. H. E.
Jackson.

Recorded from : SIERRA LEONE ; IVORY COAST ; NIGERIA ; GHANA ; GABOON ;
FR. EQUAT. AFRICA ; CONGO ; N. ANGOLA.

Epitola dorothea Baker
(PI. 9, fig. 87, PL 10, fig. 97)

o*, $ Epitola dorothea Baker, 1904 : 227.
Type. SIERRA LEONE.

Recorded from : SIERRA LEONE : Moyamba, Mabangi ; IVORY COAST : Guiglo ;
GHANA : KUMASI.

Epitola insulana Aurivillius
(PI. i, fig. 9, PL 2, fig. 18, PL 9, fig. 88, PL 10, fig. 98)

cJ Epitola insulana Aurivillius, 1923 : 1203.

Type. FERNADO Po : San Carlos. (Riksmuseum, Stockholm.)

$. Legs and palps below pale brown, heavily dusted with grey scales ; palps above darker
brown ; frons light brown laterally fringed with white ; eyes dark brown ; antennal shaft dark
brown above, below minutely checkered white ; club orange-tipped.

Upperside : nearest to cercene Hewitson and cercenoides Holland but differs from both in the
bright blue basal area fore wing.

Upperside fore wing : black ; broad white postdiscal band from 2-7 broadest in space 2, 8 mm.,
where it almost reaches the margin, slightly invading space i at the distal end and narrowest,
2 mm., in space 6, proximally this band is straight from vein 7 to the origin of vein 3 and then
bent distad, running almost along vein 2 ; whole basal area bright blue ; extending in space i
to within 2 mm. of the margin, small triangular black spot, at junction between white and blue
areas arising from vein 7.

Upperside hind wing : plain dark brown.

Underside fore wing : pale brown with white band of upperside showing through, but exten-
ding to space i, proximal edge, therefore, straight throughout ; a few faint paler markings in
apex.

J34 T. H. E. JACKSON

Underside hind wing : pale brown, with very faint traces of submarginal and postdiscal lines.
Length of fore wing : 17 mm.

Neallotype $. FERNANDO Po : 3,000-4,000 ft., vi. 1926. T. A. Barns. Joicey
Bequest.

Known only from Fernando Po.

An outlying member of this group is Epitola katherinae Poulton, in which the
female is similar, but the light patch in fore wing is orange.

Epitola katherinae Poulton

<J, $ Epitola katherinae Poulton, 1929 : 494, pi. 30, figs. 5, 7.
Type. NIGERIA : Ibadan. (Hope Dept., Oxford.)

Recorded from : NIGERIA : Oshodi and Ibadan.
The following species probably belongs here :

Epitola car ilia Roche

<$ Epitola carilla Roche, 1954 : 495. pi- 2O > n s - X 3. M-
Type. UGANDA : Entebbe.

$ unknown.

Known only from the type.

B. $ brown with large blue discal areas in both wings, but no postdiscal white
line or blue spots ; occasionally the blue area in fore wing is distally white.

Epitola staudingeri staudingeri Kirby
(PI. 3, ng. 19, PI. 4, fig. 29)

cJ Epitola staudingeri Kirby, 1890 : 271.
Type. SIERRA LEONE. (Staudinger Coll.)
Epitola staudingeri Kirby ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 65, d.

$. Legs dark brown, with much lighter scaling at the joints ; palps light brown with whitish
lateral edges ; antennal shaft, black above, checkered white below ; club tipped bright orange.

Upper side fore wing : dark brown, with dull blue basal area from inner margin to upper median
vein covering the cell, but not extending beyond it ; distally very irregular and arranged as
follows : a long sharply pointed streak in 5, extending half-way along the cellule ; a very small
spot in the base of 4 ; a streak in 3, 5 mm.; the whole of i and 2 almost to the margin.

Upperside hind wing : dark brown ; discal and basal dull blue patch from veins 1-6, not
sharply defined distally ; a broad dark brown border 2-3 mm. but containing scattered blue
scales ; costal border dark brown.

Underside : clay coloured, slightly paler along inner margin of fore wing ; faint traces of two
submarginal crenulate lines on both wings, otherwise unmarked.

Length of fore wing : 20 mm.

Neallotype $. SIERRA LEONE : Baudajuma, No. 1898. G. I. Arnold.
Recorded from : SIERRA LEONE and NIGERIA.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 135

Epitola staudingeri gordoni Druce

<J Epitola gordoni Druce, 1903 : 70.

Type. NIGERIA : Bonny. (Hope Dept., Oxford.)

$ unknown.

The type has been examined in Hope Department, Oxford. The underside
markings, mentioned by Druce are present to a greater or lesser degree in the series
in British Museum (Nat. Hist.) and gordoni should be considered a synonym of
staudingeri Kirby.

Epitola staudingeri aequatorialis ssp. n.

(PI. 13, figs. I2O, 121, 126, 127)

This subspecies occurs in French Equatorial Africa, i.e. in the zone usually referred
to as Gaboon. It differs from the typical race in the female, which is brown, un-
marked, thus linking it with conception Suffert and elissa Grose-Smith.

cJ. Does not differ either above or below from the typical race.
$. Upper side : dark brown, unmarked.

Underside : pale warm brown ; traces of paler postdiscal spots in fore wing and of submarginal
and postdiscal crenulate lines in hind wing.
Length of fore wing : 18 mm.

Holotype <j>. FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Moy en Congo, Etoumbi. ix.ig6o. T. H. E.
Jackson.

Allotype c. Same data as holotype.
Recorded from : GABOON and FR. EQUAT. AFRICA.

Epitola mara Talbot (stat. n.)
(PI. 3, fig. 20, PI. 4, fig. 30)

<J Epitola staudingeri mara Talbot, 1935 : 75.
Type. VICT. NYANZA : Nr. Kakindu. (Hope Dept., Oxford.)
<3 Epitola jacksoni Roche, 1954 : 49^, pi. 20, figs. 15, 16 (syn. n.).
Type. Uganda : Katera.

The type of staudingeri mara has been examined in Hope Department, Oxford
and found to be identical with the species described by Roche (1954 : 496) under
the name of Epitola jacksoni which name sinks as a synonym. The present author
however, agrees with Roche that mara Talbot is not a ssp. of staudingeri Kirby.

$. Frons, legs, palps light brown ; eyes black ; antennal shaft brown ; club black above
with pale brown tip, brown below.

Upperside fore wing : dark brown ; scattered blue scales throughout cell, extended in a streak
along vein 5 for about half its length ; half of cellule 2 and the whole of i, up to 2 mm. of the
margin.

Upperside hind wing : dark brown with basal blue patch extending from vein i to vein 6,
covering the whole of the cell, and distad to within 5 mm. of the margin. The distal margin of
the blue patch, however, fades out into the ground colour, without any clearly defined boundary.

Underside : pale clay coloured on both wings with traces of the postdiscal silvery spots,
especially the large one on the inner margin ; no other markings.

Length of fore wing : 20 mm.

I 3 6 T. H. E. JACKSON

Neallotype $. UGANDA: Masaka, Sango Bay, Katera. xi.i955. T. H. E.
Jackson.

This species flies high in and under the canopy and can only be taken by building
a platform in a suitable place ; the males fly later than most Epitola and are still
moving up to i p.m. The females come down to lay on dead twigs, etc.

Recorded only from : UGANDA : Masaka Dist., Sango Bay, Katera and Kakindu.

Epitola leonina Staudinger
(PL 3, fig. 21, PL 4, fig. 31)

<$ Epitola leonina Staudinger, 1888 : 268.

Type. SIERRA LEONE. (Staudinger Coll.)

Epitola leonina Staudinger ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 65, e.

Epitola ciconia Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1892 : Afr. Lye. pi. 17, figs., 5, 6. (See Aurivillius, 1898).

The female described in Seitz (1920 : 355) as E. leonina is the female of uniformis
Kirby (see explanation under that species) ; the correct female is described below :

$. Legs dark brown, lighter at the joints ; eyes black ; palps dark brown ; frons grey-brown ;
antennal shaft brown above, checkered white below ; club black with light brown tip.

Upperside fore wing : black-brown ; a basal blue patch extending from the inner margin to
vein 5 and covering the cell except for a streak in the upper angle. The distal edge is broadly
dentate and includes almost the whole of space i, half 2 and 3 mm. of 3 and 4 ; a fine black line
along the discocellular as in the male ; veins black.

Upperside hind wing : black -brown with blue patch from veins 1-6, extending within 3-4 mm.
of the margin ; veins black.

Underside : grey-brown ; markings as in the male but more prominent, especially the discal
and postdiscal lines.

Length of fore wing 19 mm.

Neallotype $. NIGERIA: Calabar Prov., Okarara, 111.1958. T. H. E. Jackson.

Recorded from : SIERRA LEONE ; NIGERIA : Okarara and Ikom ; BR. CAMEROONS :

Mamfe; FR. CAMEROONS : Bitje; FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Etoumbi; UGANDA: Bwamba.

Epitola badura Kirby

cJ Epitola badura Kirby, 1890 : 271.

Type. CAMEROONS. (Missing.)

Epitola badwia [sic] Kirby ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 64, g.

$ Epitola badura Kirby ; Aurivillius in Seitz, 1920 : 355.

Recorded from : CAMEROONS : Barombi, Bitje, Johann Albrechts Hohe ; FR.
EQUAT. AFRICA : Etoumbi ; CONGO : Irumu, Beni ; UGANDA : Bwamba.

Epitola nigrovenata sp. n.

(PL 3, figs. 22, 23, PL 4, figs. 32, 33)
This species belongs to the subgroup of leonina Staudinger and badura Kirby.

cJ, $. Legs dark brown, spotted with whitish yellow at the joints ; palps, eyes and frons
dark brown. Antennal shaft black above, minutely checkered white below ; club orange-tipped.

c. Upperside fore wing : black with blue basal and discal area from inner margin to and
including the cell ; distal edge of this sharply and deeply indented and broken into spdts by
black along the veins ; veins 2, 3 and 4, the lower median and discocellular all broadly black ;
along the inner margin in spaces i and 2 the blue colour reaches within - mm. of the margin.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 137

Upperside hind wing : blue from veins 1-5 from base to margin, only the fringes black ; beyond
this black to costa ; vein 4 and the median blackened.

Underside fore wing : dark brownish grey ; obscure silvery submarginal lines becoming
prominent at inner angle ; fine, silvery subapical and postdiscal lines enclosing a darker band
of the ground colour ; a few silvery spots in cell.

Underside hind wing : dark brownish grey with traces of five silvery lines. This underside
pattern is typical of all members of the subgroup.

$ Upperside fore wing : black with blue area as in male, differing in extent only in the cell,
where the basal two-thirds is black ; veins blackened as in male, but finer.

Upperside hind wing : black ; blue basal area restricted, leaving a broad black border i mm.
wide at anal angle and 4 mm. on vein 5 ; distal edge not sharply delineated ; vein 4 and the
median blackened.

Underside : as in the male but all lines and markings more prominent.

Length of fore wing : <$ 23 mm., $ 24 mm.

Holotype <$. S. NIGERIA : Oban, 11.1921. Cator Coll.

Allotype $. FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Moyen Congo, Etoumbi, iii . 1959. T. H. E.
Jackson.

Recorded only from the two localities mentioned above.

Epitola tumentia Druce
(PI. 3, fig. 24, PI. 4, fig. 34)

cj Epitola tumentia Druce, 1910 : 366, pi. 33, fig. 15.

Type. NIGERIA : Afikpo.

Epitola tumentia Druce ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 64, g.

$. Very similar to the female of leonina Staudinger. Legs dark brown with paler joints ;
palps dark brown ; eyes black ; frons grey-brown ; antennal shaft black above, finely checkered
black and white below ; club black with orange tip.

Upperside fore wing : black-brown with blue basal patch extending almost as in leonina, but
slightly restricted in space 4 ; veins not or little blackened ; black discocellular streak finer.

Upperside hind wing : black-brown with blue basal patch from veins 1-6 ; distal edge ill-
defined ; margin i mm. at vein i and 3 mm. at vein 6 ; veins not blackened.

Underside : as in the male ; differs from leonina Staudinger in the greyer, less brown, ground
colour and in the thick silvery conjoined double submarginal lines in both wings. Length of
fore wing : 18 mm.

Neallotype $. FR. EQUAT. AFRICA: Moyen Congo, Etoumbi. xii.i958.
T. H. E. Jackson.

Recorded from : NIGERIA : Mamu, Awka Dist., and Uwet ; FR. EQUAT. AFRICA :
Ouesso and Etoumbi.

Epitola zelza Hewitson
(PI. 9, fig. 84, PI. 10, fig. 94)

3 Epitola zelza Hewitson, 1873 : 151.

Type. NIGERIA : Old Calabar.

Epitola zelza Hewitson ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 65, e.

Epitola badia Kirby, 1887 : 444.

Type. CAMEROONS.

$ Epitola uniformis Kirby ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 64, h.

$ figured in Seitz, pi. 64, h, as uniformis Kirby and described under that species.
A redescription is given below of the male ; cf. Aurivillius in Seitz, who states that

I 3 8 T. H. E. JACKSON

this species was described from a damaged specimen and borne out by the figure,
which is totally incorrect. This figure is but a copy of Hewitson's figure in ///.
Diurn. Lep. Suppl. pi. ib, figs. 15, 16.

. Legs brown with paler joints ; palps mouse-brown ; eyes black ; frons black-brown ;
antennal shaft black above, finely checkered white below ; club black with pale brown tip.

Upperside fore wing : black with bright blue basal patch from inner margin to vein 7 ; distal
edge evenly curved but dentate, reaches almost to margin in i ; costa broadly black ; median
vein swollen at base.

Upperside hind wing : blue from vein i nearly to 7, with narrow black distal margin.

Underside fore wing : mouse-grey with faint but distinct dentate lines, two submarginal, one
postdiscal, one shorter, across end of cell ; some faint spots in cell.

Underside hind wing : mouse-grey with five pale dentate lines ; two submarginal, one post-
discal, one across end of cell, one very faint across cell.

Length of fore wing : 15 mm.

Recorded from : NIGERIA : Mamu, Awka, Udi, Eket, Oban and Uwet ; FR.
EQUAT. AFRICA : Etoumbi and Ouesso ; Co:; GO : Lowa Valley.

Epitola gerina Hewitson

o* Epitola gerina Hewitson, 1878 : 19, pi. ib, figs. 13, 14.

Type. CONGO.

Epitola gerina Hewitson ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 65, b.

$ Epitola goodii Holland, 1890 : 24.

Type. GABOON : " Upper waters of the River Ogove." (Carnegie Mus., Pittsburg.)

. Epitola zelica Kirby, 1890 : 272.

Type. CAMEROONS : Barombi.

Epitola daveyi Roche

o*, $ Epitola daveyi Roche, 1954 : 499> P^ 2O > ^S 8 - T 9> 2 9 6* ; n g s - 2I . 22 ?
Type. SE. NIGERIA : Isoba.

Known only from the types.

Epitola albomaculata Baker

(J Epitola albomaculata Baker, 1903 : 329.
Type. SIERRA LEONE.

Epitola albomaculata Baker ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 65, e.
9 Epitola albomaculata Baker, 1904 : 230.

Recorded from : SIERRA LEONE : Moyamba ; NIGERIA : Warri.

Epitola liana Roche
(PI. 13, figs. 119, 125)

6* Epitola liana Roche, 1954 ' 5> pi- 2I > n s - 2 3- 2 4-
Type. UGANDA : Bwamba.

9- Legs white ; palps white with black tips, frons white ; eyes brown ; antennal shaft
black above ; finely checkered white below.

Upperside fore wing : black with dark blue basal area from the upper median to inner margin
and extending distad as follows : upper half of cell and space 4 white to within 3 mm. of margin ;
base of spaces 2 and 3 blue and a large white spot mid-way in 2 ; space i blue, distally white to
within 2 mm. of margin. A small black streak on the discocellular.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 139

Upper side hind wing : dark grey ; blue basal patch from veins 1-6, covering half space 2 and
the bases of 3-6 ; a large whitish spot mid-way in 5 and 6 and space 8 whitish ; a fine black
streak on the discocellular ; fine black marginal line and fringes checkered.

Underside : as in the male, but white ground colour more prominent.

Length of fore wing : 15 mm.

Neallotype $. UGANDA: Masaka, Sango Bay, Katera. viii.igSo. T. H. E.
Jackson.

Recorded from : UGANDA : Budongo, Katera and Bwamba.

Epitola nitide Druce

$ Epitola nitide Druce, 1910 : 336, pi. 34, fig. i.

Type. CAMEROONS : Bitje, Ja River.

Epitola nitida [sic] Druce ; Seitz, 1920 : 356.

$ Epitola subalba Baker, 1915 : 190.

Type. CAMEROONS : Bitje.

Epitola nitide Druce ; Dufrane, 1953 : 50 [Redescription] .

Recorded from : GHANA : Ho, Kapandu ; CAMEROONS : Bitje ; FR. EQUAT.
AFRICA : Kelle ; UGANDA : Mukono, Katera.

Epitola virginea Baker

9- Epitola virginea Baker, 1904 : 230.

Type. SIERRA LEONE.

$ Epitola virginea Baker ; Roche, 1954 : 5 OI > pi- 2O - n S s - T 7> l8 -

Allotype (J. SIERRA LEONE : Daru.

Recorded from : SIERRA LEONE : Moyamba, Daru ; GHANA : Kumasi.
C. $$. Plain brown above.

Epitola conception Suffert

$ Epitola concepcion Suffert, 1904 : 54.
Type. CAMEROONS : Barombi (Berlin Mus.).
Epitola concepcion Suffert ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 65, a.
$ Epitola concepcion Suffert ; Aurivillius, 1923 : 1199.
Allotype, S. CAMEROONS : Molundu.

There are no specimens of this species in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) or in
the author's collection.

Epitola elissa Grose-Smith
(PI. 3, fig. 25; PI. 4, fig. 35)

$ Epitola elissa Grose-Smith, 1898 : 354.

Type. NIGERIA : Warri.

Epitola oniensis Baker, 1913 : 501.

Type. NIGERIA : Oni near Lagos. (Hope Dept., Oxford.)

$. Legs brown with paler joints, almost checkered ; palps pale brown with black tips ;
eyes black ; frons dark brown ; antennal shaft dark brown above, checkered below ; club
yellow -tipped.

Upperside : plain dark brown in both wings ; no markings.

ENTOM. 12, 3. 9

140 T. H. E. JACKSON

Underside fore wing : warm brown ; two faint dentate submarginal lines ; a stronger post-
discal crescentric line from costa to vein 2 ; no other marks ; space i pale grey.

Underside hind wing : warm brown ; traces of four-dentate lines all distad of the cell and
broken into spots. Both wings with fine dark margins.

Length of fore wing : 15 mm.

Neallotype $. NIGERIA : Ogoja Prov., Ikom. 11.1956. T. H. E. Jackson.
Recorded from : SIERRA LEONE : Moyamba ; NIGERIA : Ikom and Warri ;
BR. CAMEROONS : Mamfe.

Epitola ikoya Roche

$, $ Epitola ikoya Roche, 1954 : 497- pi- T 9> ^S s - 5~6 <? ; 7, 8 $.
Type. NIGERIA : Lagos.

Recorded from : NIGERIA : Oshodi, Mamu Forest, Ubiaja.

D. .$. Brown with blue discal areas in both wings and a series of white postdiscal
spots, fore wing.

Epitola congoana Aurivillius

(J, 9- Epitola congoana Aurivillius, 1923 : 1201.

Type. CONGO : Kimuenza. (Riksmuseum Stockholm.)

Recorded from : NIGERIA : Oshodi and Ubiaja ; CONGO : Kimuenza.

Epitola flavoantennata Roche

o*, - Epitola flavoantennata Roche, 1954 : 495< P^ I 9- ^8 S - *> 2 <3 '> 3. 4 $
Type. CAMEROONS : Bitje, Ja River. Taken in cop.

Recorded from : CAMEROONS : Bitje ; FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Ketta and Mambili ;
CONGO : Beni and Lubilinga Valley, Lubutu.

Epitola carcina Hewitson

$ Epitola carcina Hewitson, 1873 : 150.

Type. NIGERIA : Old Calabar.

cf, $ Epitola kholifa Baker, 1904 : 229.

Type. SIERRA LEONE.

<J, 9 Epitola carcina Hewitson ; Aurivillius in Seitz, 1920 : 353, pi, 65, d.

9 Epitola entebbeana Baker, 1926 : 392.

Allotype. NIGERIA : Oban.

Epitola coerulea sp. n.

(PI. 3, figs. 26, 27, PL 4, figs. 36, 37)
Nearest to carcina. Hewitson.

<J. Legs very dark brown with small pale bands' at the joints ; palps dark grey -brown above
and below ; frons dark brown ; eyes rather browner than in other species ; antennal shaft
black above, checkered black and white below ; club with orange tip.

Upper side fore wing : black with shining azure blue basal patch, much brighter and more
extended than in carcina ; blue colour extends from inner margin to vein 7, filling half spaces
5 and 6, more than half 3 and 4, and almost the whole of i and la, distally evenly curved,

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 141

reaching almost to the margin in i. A basal scent patch in the base of space i, overlapping a
little into the cell ; in carcina this patch extends also into la and the blue colour is restricted in
4 and 5, and is often absent in 6. Vein i, the median and subcostal swollen at base.

Upper side hind wing : much as in carcina ; blue from veins 1-6 with fine black margin ;
costal margin broadly black.

Underside : differs from carcina in the paler ground colour, less contrasting pattern and in the
much smaller silvery area along the inner margin, which in carcina reaches vein 3, and in coerulea
scarcely to vein 2.

Underside fore wing : dark grey with pale silvery markings as follows : a crescentric submargi-
nal line, followed by a broad second line almost a band ; two very faintly defined postdiscal
lines about 3 mm. apart on vein 4, enclosing a darker patch of the ground colour ; silvery at
base of costa ; an inner marginal silvery patch in the distal half of space i and la reaching to vein
2.

Underside hind wing : dark grey with pale silvery markings ; a submarginal crescentric line,
followed by a broad area of silvery scales ; two well-defined postdiscal lines divided into spots
and enclosing a darker band 2 mm. wide ; some scattered silvery spots in cell and basal area.

Length of fore wing : 20 mm.; on the whole slightly larger than carcina.

$ differs from carcina Hewitson in the larger size, and paler brighter blue areas.

Antennae, etc. as in male.

Upperside fore wing : black ; bright light blue basal patch from vein i to cell and distad only
to lower angle of space 4, half 2 and 3, and most of i and la. Distal edge dentate, slightly
extended to i, to within 2 mm. of margin. A black streak on the discocellular more prominent
than in carcina ; four large white postdiscal spots in 4-7 in an even curve from half-way along
costa.

Upperside hind wing : black with restricted light blue patch from veins 1-6 ; black costal
margin and black border 4 mm. wide throughout ; distal margin of blue area quite even, but not
sharply defined.

Underside : greyish brown ; very similar to carcina Hewitson.

Underside fore wing : two pale submarginal crescentric lines ; a postdiscal series of large
whitish spots on the veins from 2-7 and a streak in 8. No basal spots.

Underside hind wing : two crescentric submarginal lines with much silvery, scaling between
them ; a postdiscal series of small whitish spots ; an obscure double irregular line across end of
cell, and a few scattered basal spots. Margins fine ; dark brown.

Length of fore wing : 23 mm. (18 mm. in carcina).

Holotype J. FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Moyen Congo, Etoumbi. 111.1959. T. H E.
Jackson.

Allotype $. FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Ouesso, Mambili Forest, viii.1959. T. H. E.
Jackson.

Flies with carcina in the same area in FR. EQUAT. AFRICA.

Recorded from : FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Ouesso and Etoumbi.

Epitola dunia Kirby
(PI. 3, ng. 28, PI. 4, fig. 38)

<J Epitola dunia Kirby, 1887 : 441.

Type. CAMEROONS.

Epitola dunia Kirby ; Grose-Smith & Kirby, i. 1889 : Lye. Afr. pi. 7, figs, i, 2.

This species was not mentioned by Aurivillius in Seitz and it appears that he
considered it a synonym of carcina Hewitson.

$. Similar to the females of carcina Hewitson, coerulea sp. n. and flavoantennata Roche, but
darker with restricted blue areas and a thick black streak on the hind wing discocellular.

I 4 2 T. H. E. JACKSON

Legs dark brown with some small light spots at the joints ; palps dark grey-brown above and
below ; eyes brown ; frons dark brown ; antennal shaft black above and minutely checkered
white below ; club yellow tipped.

Upper side fore wing : black with blue inner marginal patch covering a little over half la and

1 and 2 to within 2 mm. of the margin ; occasionally two blue spots in cell divided by black
ground colour. A series of four postdiscal white spots in 4-7 in an even curve to the middle of
the costa.

Upperside hind wing : black with blue area covering the cell, base of 1-3, and half 3 and 4,
distally variable in extent. A thick black streak on the discocellular occasionally reduced to a
fine line. Broad dark border ; blue more restricted than in allied species.

Underside : light brown as in carcina and coerulea.

Underside fore wing : two faint pale crescentric submarginal lines ; series of prominent post-
discal white spots from 2-7, but sometimes missing in 3 ; a silvery white patch in i and la about

2 mm. from margin to half the cellules ; no basal spots.

Underside hind wing : two crescentric submarginal lines and a postdiscal series of small whitish
spots ; markings faint or sometimes well defined.
Length of fore wing : 17 mm.

Neallotype $. NIGERIA: Ogoja Prov., Ikom. 11.1956. T. H. E. Jackson.
Recorded from : SIERRA LEONE : Mano ; NIGERIA : Ikom, Benin, Oban, Warri
and Uwet ; BR. CAMEROONS : Mamfe, Barombi.

The following species probably belongs here :

Epitola iturina Joicey & Talbot
(PL 9, fig. 86 ; PL 10, fig. 96)

o* Epitola iturina Joicey & Talbot, 1921 : 85, pi. 14, fig. 62.

Type. CONGO : forest between Ituri and Lindi Rivers, SW. of Avakubi.

Epitola bella Aurivillius, 1923 : 1200, taf. i, fig. 2.

Type. CAMEROONS : N'gumesok. (Riksmuseum, Stockholm.)

$ unknown.

Recorded from : CAMEROONS : Bitje, N'gumesok ; FR. EQUAT. AFRICA :
Etoumbi and Mambili ; CONGO : Lusambo, Lowowo Valley, Ituri River.

THE PINODES GROUP

A. $$. Plain brown above, sometimes with small obscure pale postdiscal spots
in fore wing.

Epitola viridana viridana Joicey & Talbot
(PL 5, fig. 39; PL 6, fig. 49)

o* Epitola viridana Joicey & Talbot, 1921 : 84, pi. 14, figs. 58, 59.
Type. CONGO : South side of Ituri River, 5 days west of Irumu.

.. Legs brown and white checkered ; palps whitish below with black tips, dark brown above ;
eyes dark brown ; frons dark brown ; antennal shaft black above, checkered below ; club
minutely yellow tipped, below only.

Upperside : plain brown ; traces of 3 or 4 very faint postdiscal spots in 4, 5 and 6 fore wing.

Underside fore wing : as in the male ; brown with broad black inner marginal streak from
2-5 ; prominent pale postdiscal spots in 4-7, and a pale spot in 2 in the black area ; two pale
crescentric submarginal lines. Space i pale, whitish.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 143

Underside hind wing : brown ; a series of three obscure parallel crescentric lines in the marginal
area.

Length of fore wing : 15 mm.

Neallotype $. UGANDA: Bwamba. ix.i94i. T. H. E. Jackson.

Taken in cop.

The males of this species fly in clearings or over clumps of bush at the edge of the
forest from about 9-9.30 a.m. The females fly later laying on dead twigs.

Recorded from : FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Etoumbi, Ouesso ; CONGO : Epulu,
Upper Lowa Valley, Yanga ; UGANDA : Bwamba, Kigezi, Katera, Budongo, Jinja,
W. Elgon, etc.

Epitola viridana radiata Baker

cj, $ Epitola radiata Baker, 1926 : 393.
Type. CAMEROONS : Bitje, Ja River.

Recorded from : CAMEROONS : Bitje, Johann Albrechts Hb'he.

Epitola pinodes Druce

o* Epitola pinodes Druce, 1890 : 24.

Type. NIGERIA : Lagos.

$ Epitola pinodes Druce ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 65, a.

Epitola pinodes Druce ; Grose-Smith & Kirby, iv.iSgi : Afr. Lye. pi. 13, figs, i, 2.

Type missing.

Recorded from : SIERRA LEONE : Moyamba, Batkanu ; IVORY COAST ; NIGERIA :
Eket.

Epitola orientalis Roche
(PI. 5, fig. 42 ; PI. 6, fig. 52)

Epitola orientalis Roche, 1954 : 499> pi- 22 > n s - 35> 3^-
Type. UGANDA : Bwamba.

Very similar to viridana Joicey & Talbot, but differs below.

$. Legs brown and white checkered ; palps whitish, streaked black below with black tips,
above basally whitish with long black tips ; frons dark brown ; antennal shaft black above,
checkered white and black below ; club orange-tipped.

Upperside : plain dark brown with four bluish postdiscal spots from 4-7 on fore wing.

Underside : as in the male, cf. figure in Roche loc. cit.; the dark postdiscal band in hind wing
below is plainly visible.

Length of fore wing : 16 mm.

Neallotype $. KENYA: Kakamega. ix.i937. T. H. E. Jackson.
Males of this species were taken at Lake Nabugabo flying over clumps of bushes
early in the morning.

Recorded from : UGANDA : Bwamba and Lake Nabugabo ; KENYA : Kakamega.

Epitola catuna Kirby
(PI. 5, fig. 40 ; PI. 6, fig. 50)

cj Epitola catuna Kirby, 1890 : 273.

Type. CAMEROONS. (Staudinger Coll.)

Epitola catuna Kirby ; Grose-Smith & Kirby, iv.i892 : Lye. Afr. pi. 17, figs, n, 12.

144 T. H. E. JACKSON

Epitola catuna Kirby ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 64, g.

9 Epitola mus Suffert, 1904 : 53 (syn. n.).

Type. CAMEROONS : Barombi Station. (Berlin Mus.)

Epitola mus Suffert ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 65, e.

The type of Epitola mus Suffert has been examined and proves to be a female of
Epitola catuna Kirby.

$ Legs brown with small pale spots on the joints ; palps dark brown above and below ; frons
and eyes brown ; antennal shaft black above, checkered below ; club orange-tipped.

Upperside : plain dark brown ; immaculate.

Underside fore wing : brownish grey as in the male ; inner margin broadly pale, then base to
vein 5 very slightly darker than ground colour, a few obscure marks in apical area.

Underside hind wing : brownish grey ; three very faint crescentric lines in submarginal and
postdiscal areas.

Length of fore wing : 15 mm.

Neallotype $. UGANDA: Bwamba, Bundibugyo. .1954. T. H. E. Jackson.

Recorded from : FERNANDO Po ; SPANISH GUINEA : Riomuni ; BR. CAMEROONS :
Barombi ; FR. CAMEROONS : Bitje ; GABOON : Kuilu ; FR. EQUAT. AFRICA :
Ouesso and Etoumbi ; CONGO : Epulu, Beni, Ituri ; UGANDA : Bugoma, Budongo,
Bwamba, Toro, etc.

Epitola carpenteri Baker
(PL 5, ng. 41, PL 6, fig. 51, PL 9, fig. 83, PL 10, fig. 93)

cj Epitola carpenteri Baker, 1921 : 462.

Type. UGANDA : Bugalla Is. Lutoboka. (Hope Dept., Oxford.)

It has apparently been overlooked by Roche et al., that Baker described the male
of the above species in his original description, loc. cit. and designated a holotype.
This specimen has been examined in the Hope Dept., Oxford and found to belong
to a species near catuna Kirby. Baker's allotype female belongs to a different species,
Epitola azurea sp. n., which is described later in this paper.

To add to the original description of the male, it may be said that carpenteri differs from catuna
in the more prominent blue streaks on fore wing in spaces 4 and 5, in the wider black border in
hind wing and in the different underside. In the former, the underside ground colour is warm
brown instead of dark grey ; the black basal patch, fore wing, is much more prominent, as are
also the darker submarginal and discal lines in hind wing. Further, it is larger ; length of fore
wing ; 15 mm.; in catuna 13-14 mm.

$. Upperside : plain dark brown in both wings, with some very scattered blue scales in the
discal and postdiscal areas of the fore wing.

Underside : as in the male, but paler ; the pale markings in the cell of fore wing less distinct.

Length of fore wing : 14 mm.

Neallotype?. UGANDA: Sesse Isles, Bugalla Is. ix-x.igsS. T. H. E. Jackson.

Recorded only from : UGANDA : Sesse Isles, Bugalla and Entebbe.

This species is very near catuna Kirby, but the differences are deemed sufficient
to accord it specific rank, especially since catuna is known to occur very near
Entebbe.

Both sexes have been taken feeding on low shrubs among Crematogaster ants at
the edge of the forest on Bugalla.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 145

Epitola ghesquieri Roche
(PL 5, fig- 43, PL 6, fig. 53)

<J Epitola ghesquieri Roche, 1954 : 498, pi. 22, figs. 33, 34.
Type. CONGO : Equateur Dist., Eala. (M.R.C.B., Tervuren.)

$.. Legs black with small pale spots at the joints ; palps black above and below ; eyes
brown ; frons black ; antennal shaft black above and checkered black and white below ; club
orange tipped.

Upperside : plain dark brown ; no markings.

Underside fore wing : dove grey ; large black area between veins 2 and 5 from base to within
i mm. of margin, broadly club-shaped. Two very faint crenulate submarginal lines.

Underside hind wing : dove grey, markings scarcely visible but faint traces of submarginal
lines.

Length of fore wing : 13 mm.

Taken in cop.

Neallotype $. FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Ouesso, Ketta Forest, x.i^g. T. H. E.
Jackson.

Recorded from : FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Ouesso Dist. ; CONGO : Equateur Dist.,
Eala.

Epitola nigeriae sp. n.

(PI. 5, figs. 44, 45, PI. 6, figs. 54, 55)
Above nearest to ghesquieri Roche, but quite different below.

$. Legs black, spotted with white at the joints ; palps black above, below spotted white and
with white tips, covered in long hair ; eyes brown ; frons black, hairy ; antennal shaft black
above, checkered black and white below ; club minutely yellow-tipped.

Upperside fore wing : black ; some scattered dark blue scales in the upper basal portion of
cellule i. Vein i for half its length, the median, subcostal and costal swollen.

Upperside hind wing : black with very dark blue basal and discal patch from veins 1-6 ;
inner margin black ; border black of even width throughout just over i mm. Median vein and
extending half-way along vein 4 blackened ; veins 2 and 3 also black.

Underside fore wing : dark grey ; traces of the crenulate submarginal lines only visible under
a glass ; a club-shaped black patch from base to within i mm. of the distal margin, rounded
distally between veins 2-5 ; a large square patch of the ground colour on the distal half of the
inner margin.

Underside hind wing : dark grey ; the usual crenulate lines scarcely visible.

?. Upperside : plain dark brown, fringes light brown.

Underside : exactly as in the male but ground colour ochreous brown ; the lighter patch on
the distal margin, fore wing, confined to space ia.

Length of fore wing : $ and $ 16 mm.

Holotype <$. NIGERIA: Ogoja Prov., Ikom. X.IQ55. T. H. E. Jackson.
Allotype $. NIGERIA: Ogoja Prov., Ikom. 1.1956. T. H. E. Jackson.
Recorded from : NIGERIA : Ikom ; CAMEROONS : Bitje ; FR. EQUAT. AFRICA :
Ouesso Dist.

Epitola nigra Baker

<J, $ Epitola nigra Baker, 1903 : 331.
Types. SIERRA LEONE : Moyamba.

Recorded from : SIERRA LEONE : Moyamba ; NIGERIA : Eket ; CAMEROONS :
Bitje.

146 T. H. E. JACKSON

B. $$ brown with 3-4 white (or pale blue) postdiscal spots beyond cell and between
cell and inner margin of fore wing ; hind wing broadly suffused blue to very pale
blue, between veins I and 6 from base to margin, or occasionally with only a few
scattered blue scales.

Epitola cephena Hewitson

The female described by Hewitson as cephena is the female of doleta Kirby, and
the former having priority the name doleta must sink as a synonym. The male
placed by Roche (1954 : 501) to cephena is mercedes Suffert, and has a different
female.

Epitola cephena cephena Hewitson

. Epitola cephena Hewitson, 1873 : 151.

Type. GABOON.

Epitola cephena Hewitson ; Hewitson, 1878 : pi. ib, figs., 9, 10.

Epitola cephena Hewitson ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 65, e.

3 Epitola doleta Kirby, 1890 : 273 (syn. n.).

Type. SIERRA LEONE.

Epitola doleta Kirby ; Grose-Smith & Kirby, iv.i892 : Lye. Afr. pi. 17, figs, i, 2.

Epitola doleta Kirby ; Seitz, 1920 : pi. 64, g.

Phytala leonina Baker, 1903 : 328.

Type. SIERRA LEONE.

Epitola leonensis Baker, 1904 : 227.

Type. SIERRA LEONE.

Recorded from : SIERRA LEONE : Moyamba, Fula Wusu ; CAMEROONS : Bitje ;
NIGERIA : Eket, Oshodi, Ubiaja ; GHANA : Kumasi ; FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Ouesso ;
GABOON.

Epitola cephena entebbeana Baker (stat. n.)
(PI. 5, fig. 46; PI. 6, fig. 56)

cJ Epitola entebbeana Baker, 1926 : 392.
Type. UGANDA : Entebbe.

$. As pointed out by Roche (1954), the female described by Baker belongs to
carcina Hewitson and the true female is undescribed.

.. Legs whitish, unmarked ; palps below whitish brown, tips brown, eyes black ; antennal
shaft black above, finely checkered white below ; club minutely tipped orange ; frons grey-brown.

Upper side fore wing : very similar to cephena cephena Hewitson, ground colour black ; three
white blue-edged postdiscal spots in 5-7, half-way along costa ; an inner marginal bluish-white
patch covering the basal half of la, and most of i and 2 to within 2 and i mm. of margin,
respectively ; the spot in 2 white, except in the base.

Upperside hind wing : brownish black ; scattered blue scales across cell and bases of spaces

i-5-

Underside fore wing : whitish grey with jet black patch from base to i mm. of margin between
veins 2 and 5 ; four white postdiscal spots in 4^7, that in 4 a streak and that in 5 large and trian-
gular ; a streak and large white spot in distal half of i in the black patch ; space ia pale grey.

Underside hind wing : pale grey unmarked, as in the typical subspecies.

Length of fore wing : 17 mm.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 147

Neallotype - CONGO BELGE : Mambasa, Epulu. x.iq^j. T. H. E. Jackson.
The males behave as in other species, flying in clearings early in the morning.
Recorded from : CONGO : Beni, Epulu, Middle Lowa Valley ; UGANDA : Entebbe,
Mpigi, W. Elgon.

Epitola mercedes Suffert
(PI. 5, %. 47 : PL 6- fig- 57)

<3 Epitola mercedes Suffert, 1904 : 53.

Type. CAMEROONS : Johann Albrechts Hohe. (Berlin Mus.)

cJ Epitola cephena Hewitson ; Roche, 1954 : 5 OI > P^ 22 - n s - 3 1 - 3 2 -

Roche (1954) was well aware that there were two forms of female associated
with cephena Hewitson, but considered them to be varieties of the same thing. This,
however, is incorrect ; the heavily marked form as figured in Seitz, belongs to
cephena and agrees well with the female of the eastern subspecies entebbeana Baker
and the more lightly marked insect is the female of mercedes Suffert.

The type of Epitola mercedes Suffert has been examined, and there is no doubt
that it is identical with the male described by Roche (1954) as cephena Hewitson.

$. Legs brown with paler joints ; eyes black ; irons brown ; palps pale brown below, dark
brown above ; antennal shaft black above, strongly checkered white below ; club orange-
tipped.

Upper side fore wing : greyish black ; blue postdiscal spots in 5 and 6 and a trace of a third in
7 ; two others, larger, about mid -way in spaces i and 2. No other marks.

Upperside hind wing : greyish black ; a small rounded blue spot at the end of cell, but some-
times unmarked, which is also true of the male.

Underside fore wing : brownish grey ; postdiscal whitish spots in i and 2, as above, and in
4-6 ; jet black streak between veins 2-5, erupting into space 5, from base to i mm. of margin ;
obscure crenulated submarginal lines.

Underside hind wing : brownish grey with much grey scaling ; two obscure crenulated sub-
marginal lines.

Length of fore wing : 16 mm.

Neallotype ?. NIGERIA: Lagos Dist., Oshodi. ^.1955. T. H. E. Jackson.
Both sexes were seen at Oshodi flying low down, in deep shape under Crematogaster-
infested trees.

Recorded from : NIGERIA : Lagos Dist. ; CAMEROONS : Johann Albrechts Hohe.

Epitola ouesso sp. n.

(PI. 7, figs. 59, 60 ; PI. 8, figs. 69, 70)

Nearest to cephena Hewitson in the male and to pinodes Druce and mercedes
Suffert in the female.

cJ. Legs dark brown with small paler joints ; palps dark brown above and below with some
grey hairs ; frons black ; eyes brown ; antennal shaft black above, finely white checkered
below ; club yellow-tipped.

Upperside fore wing : black ; dark blue streak in lower half of cell and dark blue spots in
extreme base of 2 and basal half of i.

Upperside hind wing : black ; dark blue patch covering cell and basal half of 4 and 5 ; more
cattered blue scales in 1-3 ; no postdiscal spots and no other markings.

148 T. H. E. JACKSON

Underside fore wing : dark brown, no grey coloration ; black basal streak restricted by ground
colour in 1-3 ; no postdiscal spots or other markings.

Underside hind wing : dark brown, usual markings scarcely visible.

$. Very similar to female mercedes Suffert differing only below, and in the extended blue in
hind wing above.

Upperside forewing : brownish black ; small blue postdiscal spots in 57, and in base of i
and 2.

Upperside hind wing : obscurely scaled blue from cell to mid-way in 4 and 5 and in the base of
i and 2, otherwise brownish black.

Underside fore wing : browner than in mercedes ; upper edge of black inner marginal patch
perfectly straight along vein 5 ; in mercedes there is a broad extension mid-way into space 5 ;
large postdiscal white spots in black area in i and 2 ; very small white spots in 4-7.

Underside hind wing : brown, faint traces of submarginal and postdiscal crenulate lines.

Length of fore wing : $ and ? 16 mm.

Holotype <$. FR. EQUAT. AFRICA: Ouesso, Ketta Forest. X.IQSQ. T. H. E.
Jackson.

Allotype $. Same data as holotype.

Recorded from : FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Ouesso Dist. ; only the types.

Epitola azurea sp. n.

(PI. 7, fig. 61, PI. 8, fig. 71)

$ Epitola carpenteri Baker, 1921 : 462, pi. 22, figs. 37, 38.

Allotype. UGANDA : Dama Is., L. Victoria. (Hope Dept., Oxford.)

The male associated with this female by Roche belongs to mpangensis sp. n.
See below.

o*. Legs brown with pale spots on joints ; palps pale whitish below with dark tips, black
above ; frons whitish grey with broad brown median band ; antennal shaft black above, finely
checkered white below ; club pale-tipped.

Upperside fore wing : black with pale bright blue spots as follows : a spot in base of cell,
another linear and irregular in centre, a large spot covering all of i to within 2 mm. of margin,
another spot in base of 2 and a few blue scales in la ; a black spot of the ground colour usually,
but not always present in upper centre of blue area in i.

Upperside hind wing : black ; large pale bright blue discal area from veins 1-6 ; narrow black
margin and black costal area.

Underside fore wing : silvery grey ; black inner marginal streak bounded by vein 5 ; two very
large silvery white spots in distal half of i and 2, almost obliterating the black area distally ;
silvery crescentric submarginal lines ; three silvery spots in line, horizontally along upper edge
of black area.

Underside hind wing : silvery grey ; heavily irrorated with silver scales throughout ; sub-
marginal and postdiscal silvery crescentric lines and a square silvery patch in the base of 4.

Length of fore wing : 13 mm.

This species differs from mpangensis sp. n. in the much paler brighter blue, the
extended blue area of fore wing and in the smaller expanse. A series of males
were taken in the type locality, with females and there is no doubt as to its identity.

Holotype $. That described by Baker as allotype of E. carpenteri Baker.

Allotype <$. UGANDA: Masaka, Sango Bay, Katera. .1956. T. H. E. Jack-
son.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 149

The males fly under the canopy, never venturing outside ; flight is fast but short
and continues later than in most species up to about n a.m. The females fly later,
laying on lichen-covered tree trunks. So far known only from this locality.

Recorded from : UGANDA : Sango Bay, Katera, Dama Is., L. Victoria.

Epitola mpangensis sp. n.

(PL 5, ng. 48, PL 6, fig. 58)

6* Epitola carpenteri Baker ; Roche, 1954 : 5 OO > pi- 22 > n 8 s - 37- 3 8 -

<. Described and figured by Roche, loc. cit., as carpenteri Baker.

9. Similar to azurea sp. n., but with much darker underside.

Legs dark brown with pale spots on the joints ; palps dark grey below, pale grey above with
black tips ; frons and eyes dark brown ; antennal shaft checkered white above and below ;
club with minute yellow tip.

Upperside fore wing : black ; four white blue-edged postdiscal spots in 4-7 ; a large white
spot covering most of 2 ; space i blue, distally bluish white to within 2 mm. of margin, space
i a blue from base to middle.

Upperside hind wing : black ; large blue discal area from veins 1-6, distally paler ; border
of even width about 3 mm.

Underside fore wing : brownish grey ; postdiscal spots in 4-7 and i and 2 much larger than
in azurea, the latter filling up most of the black inner marginal streak ; latter as in azurea ;
submarginal lines merged into wide grey border.

Underside hind wing : brownish grey with two submarginal and one postdiscal crenulate lines
and square grey patch in 4 as in azurea ; scattered basal grey spots.

Length of fore wing : 15 mm.

This species can be distinguished from azurea in the male by the darker blue and
more restricted spots on fore wing and by the greater expanse. In the female by
the darker underside.

Holotype <. That cited by Roche, loc. cit., as " Allotype " <$ Epitola carpenteri
Baker. UGANDA : Bwamba. x.i94i. T. H. E. Jackson.

Allotype ?. UGANDA: Mpigi, Mpanga Forest, viii.igsg. T. H. E. Jackson.

Recorded from : CONGO : Lowa Valley and Katanga ; UGANDA : Bwamba and
Mpigi.

Epitola katerae sp. n.

(PL 7, figs. 62, 63, PL 8, figs. 72, 73)

In the male nearest to ghesquieri Roche, nigeriae sp. n. and mercedes Suffert of the
previous group and in the female to azurea sp. n. and mpangensis sp. n.

cJ. Legs brown with very small pale spots at the joints ; frons and eyes brown ; palps brown
below with some grey hairs, brown above with black tips ; antennal shaft checkered black and
white above and below (a very unusual character) ; club black, very minutely orange-tipped.

Upperside fore wing : black ; immaculate.

Upperside hind wing : black with dark blue discal basal patch between veins 1-6, covering
only the basal portions of spaces 1-5 and ending distally in scattered blue scales ; a wide black
distal border, 3-4 mm. and black costal border ; veins 2-4 black ; distal edge of blue patch
ill-defined.

Underside fore wing : dark grey ; black inner-marginal streak between veins 2-5 ; large
pale grey square spot in distal part of i and ia ; postdiscal pale spots in 4-7, conjoined to form
a line ; another larger silvery spot in 2 ; margin speckled with silvery scales.

150 T. H. E. JACKSON

Underside hind wing : dark grey ; irrorated with silvery scales, the individual lines obscured ;
a more prominent patch of silver scales in the base of 4 and 5.

$. Very similar to azurea.

Legs, eyes, palps and frons much as in male, but paler ; antennal shaft checkered on both
surfaces as in male (in azurea jet-black above in both sexes).

Upper side fore wing : greyish black ; large white, blue-edged postdiscal spots in 4-7, the latter
a streak ; another, broad, elongate in 2 to i mm. of margin ; the whole of i to 2 mm. of margin
light bluish ; basal half of la, also, bluish ; a small black streak from mid -way along median
vein, invading blue area in i.

Upper side hind wing : paler, blackish grey ; pale bluish basal-discal patch from veins 1-6,
distal and costal borders of ground colour, former about 2 mm.; the blue area slightly paler
distally.

Underside fore wing : differs from azurea in the greater amount of dark ground colour and
from mpangensis in the absence, as such, of the inner-marginal black streak, which in this species
merges into the discal ground colour. Ground colour dark grey-brown ; large white patch on
inner-margin comprising the postdiscal spots in i and 2 and covering the whole distal half of i
and more than half 2 ; white postdiscal spots in 4-7 above ; a prominent thick white submarginal
crenulate line ; apex and distal border thickly irrorated with silvery white scales.

Underside hind wing : brownish grey ; the whole covered with silvery white scales with a
more prominent silvery white patch in the base of 4 and 5 ; a dark crenulate submarginal line.

Length of fore wing : $ and $, 16 mm.

Holotype <$. UGANDA: Masaka, Sango Bay, Katera. viii.1956. T. H. E.
Jackson.

Allotype $. Same data as holotype. xi.i954.

This species is, so far, only known from Katera, Masaka Dist., where the males
were taken on an open hillside flying over small trees and bushes from about 9-9.30
a.m. The females were found laying on the lichen-covered trees among Cremato-
gaster ants.

Epitola rileyi Audeoud

cJ, $ Epitola rileyi Audeoud ; 1936, 704, pi. 7, figs. 3 $ ; 4 $.
Types. CAMEROONS : Lolodorf. (Audeoud, Coll. Geneva.)

This species, probably belongs here, although it differs from all others in the
crenulated margins to the wings.

There are no specimens of this species in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.).

Epitola kamengensis sp. n.

(PI. 7, figs. 64, 65 ; PI. 8, figs. 74, 75)
Near katerae sp. n., but larger and differing below.

<?. Legs brown, white at the joints ; palps brown, scaled grey below ; brown, black-tipped
above ; eyes and frons brown ; antennal shaft checkered black and white on both surfaces as in
katerae ; club black, orange-tipped. Thorax clothed in green hair.

Upper side fore wing : plain black, unmarked.

Upperside hind wing : black with large dark, electric blue discal area from veins 1-6, reaching
nearly to the margin ; black, even, distal border i mm. wide, and black costal border ; space
i b black.

Underside fore wing : dark grey with black inner-marginal streak from veins 2-5, broken at
distal half of inner margin by a dark grey patch ; a light grey spot mid-way in i and a small one

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 151

in base of 2 ; small pale streaks, discal, in 4-7 ; prominent white submarginal spots from 3 to
costa and silvery scales in distal border.

Underside hind wing : dark grey, heavily coated with silver-grey scales throughout the whole
of the distal half, arranged roughly into two submarginal bands and a broader band horizontally
across the wing, distal of the cell, leaving a small dark area at the base of 2 and 3 ; basal area
with scattered silver-grey spots.

$. Similar to azurea sp. n., katerae sp. n., etc., but larger.

Legs pale brown, slightly paler at the joints ; palps pale brown dusted with pale grey scales ;
frons dark brown ; eyes brown ; antennal shaft black, conspicuously checkered with white,
above and below ; club broad and flattened, orange-tipped.

Upperside fore wing : blackish brown ; three large white postdiscal spots in 5-7 with a streak
in 8 ; other spots in 1-3 inclusive, that in i blue, extending from base to middle ; in 2 from base
to within 3 mm. of margin and basally blue ; in 3 white to within 2 mm. of margin ; discal
area and beyond somewhat darker black.

Upperside hind wing : blackish brown with large blue discal patch extending from veins 1-6,
and distad, dislegnic, to within 3 mm. of the margin, leaving a black-brown marginal band ;
vein 6 to costa black-brown ; a paler patch due to admixture of white scales, in the distal half
of blue area in spaces 5 and 6. Fringes dark brown in fore wing and from vein 3 to anal angle
hind wing, but white from vein 3 to costa in hind wing.

Underside : the dark basal area in hind wing, exactly as in the male, leaves no doubt as to the
identity of this insect.

Underside fore wing : dark sepia with white postdiscal spots as above, but, in addition, a
small white spot in space 4, this completing the series ; apex and distal margin broadly greyish
white, proximal edge indented.

Underside hind wing : pale brown with four crescentric pale greyish white bands, merging into
each other and much grey scaling ; the paler patch in the blue area above in 5 and 6 reproduced
as a square whitish spot ; basal area including most ot cell, much darker than rest of wing and
strongly contrasting as in the male.

Length of fore wing : <$ 19 mm.; $ 17 mm.

Holotype <$. UGANDA: Mawakota, Kamengo. viii.1953. V. G. L. Van
Someren.

Allotype $. BRIT. E. AFRICA : Nandi Escarpment (Forest), 5,^00 ft. 29. v. 1911.
S. A. Neave.

This species was taken by Van Someren, flying from the forest edge out into a
coffee plantation at about 9.30 a.m.

Recorded from : UGANDA : Kamengo and Katera ; KENYA : Nandi Escarpment.

C. The following two species are included in the PINODES group, in spite of the
convex margin of the fore wing, since in all other characters, including those of the
females, they are similar

Epitola conjuncta conjuncta Grose-Smith & Kirby

c, $ Epitola conjuncta Grose-Smith & Kirby, i.i8g3 : Lye. Afr. 86, pi. 20, figs. 3-5.
Type. SIERRA LEONE. (Staudinger Coll.)

Recorded from : SIERRA LEONE ; FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Sembe, Etoumbi.

Epitola conjuncta budduana Talbot

iduana Talbot, 1937 : 62, pi. i, figs. 2 ; 3 $.
a.

Recorded from : UGANDA : Budongo, Bwamba, Katera, Tero Forest, Buddu.

6*, $ Epitola conjuncta budduana Talbot, 1937 : 62, pi- I > n g s - 2 <? '> 3
Types. UGANDA : Katera.

152 T. H. E. JACKSON

Epitola dolorosa Roche

(J, $ Epitola dolorosa Roche, 1954 : 49$, pi- 21, figs. 27, 28 (J, 29, 30 ..
Types. <J, UGANDA : Bwamba. Allotype ; ., UGANDA : Entebbe.

Recorded from : UGANDA : Bwamba, Entebbe, Tero Forest, Buddu.

The following species also belong to the PINODES group, but I am unable to place
them in any of the subdivisions denned in this paper, since the females are
unknown.

Epitola obscura Hawker-Smith

(J Epitola obscura Hawker-Smith, 1935 : n.
Type. NIGERIA : Lagos.

$ unknown.

Recorded from : NIGERIA : Lagos, Ilesha ; GHANA : Ashanti.

Epitola maculata Hawker-Smith

<$ Epitola maculata Hawker-Smith, 1926 : 240.

Type. CONGO : Stanleyville, Elisabetha near Basoko. (M.R.C.B., Tervuren.)

$ unknown.

Recorded from : CONGO : Stanleyville ; UGANDA : Bwamba.

Epitola pinodoides Grose-Smith & Kirby

(J Epitola pinodoides Grose-Smith & Kirby, i. 1893 : Lye. Afr. pi. 20, figs. 1,2.
Type. SIERRA LEONE. (Berlin Mus.)

$ unknown.

The type of this species is in the Humboldt Universitat, Berlin, who kindly for-
warded it for examination. It is very similar to Epitola cephena Hewitson, although
the colour of the blue spots is paler and the insect is smaller. Without more
material from Sierra Leone it seems inadvisable to sink it, however, to cephena. The
type was examined by Monsieur H. Stempffer and found to be a true Epitola.

Epitola lamborni Baker

$ Epitola lamborni Baker, 1921 : 461.
Type. S. NIGERIA : Ibadan.

cJ unknown.

The type of this species is missing and it is, therefore, impossible to be sure of its
identity. From the description, it is near albomaculata Baker.

THE SUBLUSTRIS GROUP

The four species which follow differ from all known Epitola in the presence of a
large patch of lustrous scales covering the whole discal area of the fore wing.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 153

Epitola pseudoconjuncta sp. n.

(PL 7, figs. 66, 67, PL 8, figs. 76, 77)

Very similar to conjuncta budduana Talbot, but much smaller and with large patch
of lustrous scales over the whole discal area of fore wing.

<J and .. Legs dark brown with paler joints ; palps brown with grey scales below, black
above ; eyes black ; frons black ; antennal shaft black above, finely checkered white below ;
club broad and flattened, minute orange tip.

<J. Upperside fore wing : black with dark blue spots as follows : three postdiscal in 4-6 and
a minute dot in 7 ; blue spot half-way in 2 ; long blue streak in i, covering most of the cellule
except angle between vein 2 and median and reaching to within 2 mm. of distal margin ; whole
discal area up to blue postdiscal spots covered in black lustrous scales.

Upperside hind wing : black ; large blue discal area from vein i to just short of vein 7 ; distal
border narrow black, \ mm. costal border black ; veins black, especially median.

Underside fore wing : brownish grey ; large black inner-marginal patch from veins 2-5 and
to i mm. of distal margin ; small silver-grey postdiscal spots on vein 2 and in 4 and 5, inner
margin silver-grey ; faint traces of darker submarginal line.

Underside hind wing : brownish grey ; faint dark submarginal and marginal lines ; no other
markings.

$. Legs dark brown checkered white at the joints ; palps, frons and eyes dark brown ;
antennal shaft dark brown, boldly checkered with white, club minutely orange-tipped.

Fore wings strongly convex, as in the male.

Upperside : plain dark brown, unmarked.

Underside fore wing : pale straw-coloured ; space i very pale grey, almost white ; thereafter
a black patch from veins 1-5 ; white postdiscal spots in 2, 5 and 6 ; very obscure submarginal
line.

Underside hind wing : pale straw-coloured, with faint, paler, submarginal and postdiscal lines.

Length of fore wing : 16 mm. $ ; 15 mm. ..

Holotype <$. UGANDA: Masaka, Sango Bay, Katera. xi.i956. T. H. E.
Jackson. Note : a beak-mark is plainly visible on left fore wing of holotype.

Allotype $. UGANDA: Masaka, Sango Bay, Katera. xi.i933. T. H. E.
Jackson.

This species has only been taken at Katera, where it flies with conjuncta budduana
Talbot, which it closely resembles. Both species were taken together flying from
high up to some 10 ft. from the ground early in the day, and the resemblance to
the larger, more powerful conjuncta is obviously protective ; pseudoconjuncta con-
tinues to fly a little later than conjuncta, up to about n a.m.

Epitola mengoensis Baker
(PL 9, fig. 79, PL 10, fig. 89)

< Epitola mengoensis Baker, 1906 : 105.
Type. UGANDA : Mengo.

$. Upperside : warm brown in both wings ; no markings.

Under side fore wing : warm brown ; the usual darker basal patch, but not strongly contrasting ;
a pale spot at end of cell and another in space 2 and the whole of i pale grey ; a series of strongly
marked, submarginal, crescentric spots.

Underside hind wing : warm brown ; a darker patch basad ; a well-defined crescentric,
submarginal line followed by another, similar, but finer.

Length of fore wing : 17 mm.

154 T. H. E. JACKSON

Allotype $. Mengo (UGANDA), in. 1900. F. J. Jackson.
Recorded from : UGANDA : Mengo, Mpigi, Entebbe.

Epitola vinalli Talbol
(PI. 7, fig. 68 ; PL 8, fig. 78)

<J Epitola vinalli Talbot, 1935 : 75.

Type. BELGIAN CONGO : Tshuapa, Basankusu. (Hope Dept., Oxford.)
o* Epitola subcoerulea Roche, 1954 : 49^, pi- 21, figs. 25, 26 (syn. n.).
Type. SIERRA LEONE.

The type of E. vinalli Talbot is identical with that of subcoerulea Roche and the
latter must sink as a synonym.

.. Legs dark brown with white spots at the joints ; eyes, palps and frons dark brown ;
antennal shaft black above, checkered white below ; club orange-tipped.

Upperside : plain dark brown ; distal margin of fore wing strongly convex as in male ; a
lighter patch in fore wing between spaces 4-6, where the white postdiscal spots of underside
show through.

Underside fore wing : brown ; jet black inner-marginal patch from base to i mm. of margin,
between veins 2-5 ; inner-marginal border silvery white throughout ; very small pale postdiscal
spot on vein 2 ; two white postdiscal spots in 4 and 5 and small pale spots in 6 and 7 ; crenulate
submarginal line.

Underside hind wing : brown ; faint submarginal and postdiscal lines.

Length of fore wing : 15 mm.

Neallotype $. FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Moyen Congo, Etoumbi. iii . 1959. T. H. E.
Jackson.

Recorded from : GAMBIA ; SIERRA LEONE ; FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Etoumbi.

Epitola sublustris Baker

o", ? Epitola sublustris Baker, 1904 : 228.
Type. SIERRA LEONE.

In the Lamborn duplicate collection at the Hope Department, Oxford was found
a female Epitola labelled : " Comp. with Type Epitola sublustris Bethune-Baker ",
Lagos, Oni, W. A. Lamborn, iii-xii.ign. The type female is in British Museum
(Nat. Hist.) and the Oxford specimen is a female of Epitola dolorosa Roche.

Recorded from : SIERRA LEONE : Moyamba ; IVORY COAST ; NIGERIA : Ubiaja,
Oshodi ; BR. CAMEROONS : Kumba ; FR. CAMEROONS : Johann Albrechts Hohe ;
GHANA : Aburi, Ashanti.

The following species differs from all other known Epitola, in the underside mark-
ings, but, from the convex distal margin of the fore wing, belongs near conjuncta.
No lustrous scales in fore wing.

Epitola barombiensis Kirby
(PI. 9, fig. 80 ; PI. 10, fig. 90)

$ Epitola barombiensis Kirby, 1890 : 274.

Type. CAMEROONS : Barombi. (Staudinger Coll.)

.. Upperside : both wings dark brown unmarked.
Underside : as in the male, but paler.

Neallotype $. UGANDA: Bwamba. ii-iii.i957. R. Carcasson.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 155

THE ALBA GROUP

The following new species is quite unlike any known Epitola and must remain
in a group of its own.

Epitola alba sp. n.

(PI. 9, figs. 81, 82, PI. 10, figs. 91, 92)

cf. Legs brown, faintly paler at the joints ; eyes, palps and frons brown ; antennal shaft
black above, minutely checkered below ; club minutely yellow -tipped.

Upper side fore wing : black-brown ; large white discal area from ia-6, scaled blue at the base,
distally rounded and dentate ; a broad, triangular black spot at end of cell from costa ; costal
margin narrowly black ; wide black-brown distal border ; median and subcostal veins swollen
at base, the former black to lower angle of cell.

Upper side hind wing : black-brown ; white discal patch between veins 1-6, from base over
cell, bases of 2, 3 and 4 and half space i ; broad black distal and costal borders ; the white discal
patch is elongated, being broader on vein 6 than on vein i.

Underside fore wing : dark silver-grey ; white discal patch as above ending at the middle of
the costa in 10 ; a broad dark grey postdiscal band to vein 4, with fine pale line distad ; small
rounded basal patch on mid-costa, extending basad to inner margin ; very obscure submarginal
line ; distal border broadly dark grey.

Underside hind wing : dark silver-grey ; white discal patch as above ; some obscure dark
grey costal markings ; an obscure dark postdiscal line ; a crenulated dark grey submarginal
line followed by a fine pale line ; border dark grey, i mm.

$. Upperside : similar to male ; basal blue area fore wing smaller and median vein not black ;
triangular cistal spot larger and darker, hind wing as in the male but basal blue smaller.

Underside : paler, more brownish but markings as in the male ; broad dark postdiscal band
extends to vein 3, fore wing ; the postdiscal line on hind wing shifted further distad ; otherwise
as in the male.

Length of fore wing : ^ 16 mm.; $ 17 mm.

Holotype <. FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Ouesso, Mambili Forest, vi.igsg. T. H. E.
Jackson.

Allotype. Same data as holotype. viii.1959.
Recorded only from the above locality.

SPECIES INCERTAE SEDIS

Epitola pulverulenta Dufrane

Epitola pulverulenta Dufrane, 1953 : 51.

Type. Monsieur Dufrane states that the type is lost.

Since many of these small brown females are very much alike, it is not possible
to be certain of an identity from a description alone.

SPECIES INCORRECTLY PLACED IN EPITOLA
Phytala benitensis (Holland) (comb, n.)

cJ Epitola benitensis Holland, 1890 : 425.

Type. GABOON : " Upper waters of the River Ogove." (Carnegie Mus., Pittsburgh.)

This species belongs to Phytala Westwood. Mr. Harry K. Clench of the Car-
negie Museum, Pittsburgh, who has kindly examined the type, writes as follows :
" I have checked the type for venation and find that it is a Phytala. From the figures

ENTOM. 12, 3. 10

156 T. H. E. JACKSON

in Grose-Smith & Kirby 1893 (Rhop. Exot. 23 ; Lye. Afr, 86) I suspect it to be very
close to rezia Grose-Smith & Kirby, if not the same ". The figure and description
of the female in Grose-Smith & Kirby, loc. cit., is that of a male. The authors state,
in a footnote, that rezia does not have the peculiar falcate fore wings of benitensis
Holland, and it is considered by the present author that the two species are distinct.

Liptena langi (Holland) (comb, n.)

cJ Epitola langi Holland, 1920 : 217, pi. 12, fig. 10.
Type. CONGO : Medje. (American Mus., N. York.)

Judging by the coloured plate this insect appears to be a male of Liptena despecta
Holland and Mr. Frederick H. Rindge of the American Museum, New York, who
has kindly examined the type, writes : "I have examined Holland's type. By
using the keys and discussion in Seitz, I have concluded that langi Holland should
definitely be placed in the genus Liptena. The venation is of this genus and not of
Epitola." There appears to be very little doubt that Epitola langi should sink
to Liptena despecta Holland.

Phytala rezia (Grose-Smith & Kirby) (comb, n.)
. Epitola rezia Grose-Smith & Kirby, i.i8g3 : Lye. Afr. 86, pi. 20, fig. 6.
This species belongs to Phytala West wood.

Aslauga subfulvida (Holland) (comb, n.)

$ Epitola subfulvida Holland, 1890 : 423.

Aslauga leonae Aurivillius in Seitz, 1920 : 343 (syn. n.)

Aslauga purpurascens (Holland) (comb, n.)

. Epitola purpurascens Holland, 1890 : 424.

Through the kindness of Mr. Harry K. Clench of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg,
I am enabled to state that the above two species belong to Aslauga Kirby, the first
being synonymous with leonae Aurivillius, and the second with Aslauga purpurascens
Holland.

DISCUSSION

Comparing this arrangement with the key in Roche (1954), the following, more
important, points emerge :

(a) The HEWITSONI and POSTHUMUS groups remain as before.

(b) Part of the first section of the PINODES group is treated separately and is
named the SUBLUSTRIS group. This includes four species listed by Roche with
convex distal margin in fore wing. All four are small and have a large patch of
lustrous scales in the discal area of the fore wing.

(c) The remainder of the PINODES group remains as before, but subdivides on the
pattern of the females into two. The species concerned, however, intergrade and
are obviously closely allied.

(d) On the pattern of the females the CARCINA and NITIDE groups merge and,
from a study of the uppersides of the males, and of the pattern of the females,

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 157

this is probably correct. On the other hand the four subdivisions are rather further
from each other than are those of the PI NODES group.

(e) Epitola alba sp. n., cannot be united with any of the existing groups and
Epitola barombiensis Kirby is separated on its peculiar underside.

Genus STEMPFFERIA gen. n.

Type species: Stempfferia carcassoni sp. n.

Differs from Deloneura Trimen and Neaveia Druce in the genital armature ; from
Batelusia Druce in the venation (only n veins in the latter) ; from Turner epes
Baker in that the legs are not swollen ; from Epitola Westwood, Hewitsonia Kirby
and Phytala Westwood in the pattern and in the shape of the wings ; eyes faintly
hairy ; second segment of palps, laterally compressed ; third segment cylindrical,
terminating in a point ; antennae half length of costa ; club slightly swollen.

Wings ; costal border of fore wing arched at base, then straight ; external border strongly
convex ; hind wing suboval, anal angle obtuse. In both sexes a fringe of long hair along inner-
margin of fore wings. Venation : fore wing 12 veins, median much swollen at base in male, less
so in female ; vein 3 from a little before the lower angle of the cell : vein 4 from this angle ;
vein 5 from much nearer 6 than 4 ; vein 6 from the upper angle of the cell ; vein 7 from well
before this angle, ending below the apex ; vein 8 branching from 7 and ending on the costal
border ; vein 9 long, branching from 7 ; in the male vein 10, feebly stalked, arising from 7, not
far from its origin ; vein n free, from same origin as 7 ; in the female ; vein 10 arising from the
same point as 7 ; vein 1 1 from a little before ; hind wing ; veins 3 and 4 briefly stalked, from
lower angle of cell ; lower discocellular concave ; vein 5 nearer 6 than 4 ; 7 from a little before
the lower angle of cell ; genital armature ; of the usual Epitolinae type ; uncus in the form of a
crescent, edging the subtriangular tegumen ; subunci long, arched near the base ; swollen at the
level of the bend, ending in a slightly curved fine point (in the figured slide, the subunci have been
set aside laterally in order to be better visible, but in situ they are folded up below the tegumen).
Vinculum rather narrow, prolonged by a triangular saccus which is, at its extremity, furnished
with long scales ; lower fultura very reduced, valvae subrectangular, the upper process ending
in a slightly curved point, penis short, very stout, the distal extremity obliquely cut and widely
open on the dorsal side. Uncus furnished with long, fine hair, much fine hair also on the distal
half of the upper process of valvae (in the figure, the bases of hair only are figured, this for the
sake of clearness).

Sexual dimorphism very striking ; the male upperside is blue, that of the female yellowish
white.

This genus is named in honour of Monsieur H. Stempffer of Paris, who, more than
any other person, has succeeded in unravelling the complexities of the African
Lycaenidae, and achieving an orderly presentation of their systematics.

Stempfferia carcassoni sp. n.

(PI. n, figs. 103, 108, PI. 12, figs. 113, 118)

cJ and $. Legs, frons and palps black ; eyes brown, slightly hairy ; antennal shaft black
above, checkered white below ; wings rounded ; fore wing obtusely angled at apex ; fringes
white, checkered black at the veins.

6* Upperside fore wing : black with broad blue discal-basal patch from inner margin to costa,
extending to within 2 mm. of the margin along inner margin and to within 9 mm, of apex along
costa ; distal edge evenly rounded ; distal border broadly black.

158

T. H. E. JACKSON

Upperside hind wing : black with blue discal patch from half space ic to vein 6, evenly rounded
distally, costal and distal margins and space ib to half ic, black ; costal margin 3 mm. wide
throughout.

Underside : both wings lustrous white, unmarked.

$. As in the male, but larger and blue areas replaced by yellowish white.

Upperside fore wing : black with yellowish white discal area from base and inner margin to
vein 7, with a small extension in space 7 ; broad black distal border and narrow black costal
border ; discal patch evenly curved distad.

Upperside hind wing : black with yellowish white discal patch, extending from base and inner
margin through to the costa ; brownish black distal border 4 mm. wide.

Underside : as in the male, but less lustrous.

FIG. i. Genital armature of male Stempfferia carcassoni gen. et sp. n.

Holotype $. CONGO : Prov. Orientale, Lomami River, Opala. iii.igsg. R. H.
Carcasson.

Allotype $. Same data as holotype.

Recorded from : FR. EQUAT. AFRICA : Ouesso ; CONGO : Lomami River.

This fine new genus and species was first discovered by Mr. R. H. Carcasson of
the Coryndon Museum, Nairobi in the Congo, and subsequently has been taken
also in French Equatorial Africa. He has kindly allowed me to describe it in this
paper and the species is named in his honour.

Genus NEA VEIA Druce
Neaveia lamborni orientalis ssp. n.

(PI. II, figS. 101, 102, PL 12, figS. Ill, 112)

The eastern subspecies has not been described. Differs from the typical race in
narrower apical black patch on fore wing above and in the presence of submarginal
and postdiscal lines in hind wing beneath.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 159

<J and $. Legs dark brown, paler at the joints ; palps short, dark brown ; frons brown with
many white scales ; eyes black ; antennal shaft black above, checkered white below ; club
black.

$. Upperside fore wing : greenish white ; black apical patch to vein 3, then continued as a
thin marginal line ; in lamborni lamborni it is still i mm. wide on vein i ; costal border only
dusted with black scales.

Upperside hind wing : greenish white ; black apical patch to vein 3, then continued as a thin
marginal line ; in lamborni lamborni it is still i mm. wide on vein i ; costal border only dusted
with black scales.

Underside fore wing : white ; black apical patch shows through from above and is narrow
and, as above, ends at vein 3 ; some small brown striae along the margin from vein 3 to the apex
and others, submarginal, in 4, 5 and 6 and along the distal half of the costal margin.

Underside hind wing : strongly green ; marginal border striated with scattered brown scales ;
a series of submarginal brown spots in spaces 1-8 ; another series postdiscal, arrow-shaped ;
a few obscure discal markings ; a fine brown line on the discocellular.

.. Similar to male, but markings below a little fainter.

Length of fore wing : $ and ?, 20 mm.

Holotype <. UGANDA: Masaka, Sango Bay, Katera. xi.i954. T. H. E.
Jackson.

Allotype $. Same data as holotype. xii.ig54.

This species was observed flying in the canopy of lichen-covered trees among
Crematogaster ants at Katera, Sango Bay.

Recorded from : FR. EQUAT. AFRICA and the eastern CONGO ; UGANDA : Bwamba,
Budongo, Katera.

Genus EPITOLINA Aurivillius

Epitolina catori ugandae ssp. n.

(PL u, figs. 99, 100, PI. 12, figs. 109, no)

Differs from catori catori Baker in the much larger orange postdiscal band in the
fore wing of the female and in the darker underside in both sexes.

cj and $. Legs dark brown covered in yellow hair ; eyes and frons black ; palps black above,
yellow below ; antennal shaft widely checkered black and white on both surfaces ; club broad,
flattened, minute pale tip.

cJ. Upperside : does not differ from catori catori.

Underside : much darker, red markings more prominent ; on both wings a broad black
postdiscal band, distal of the red spots.

$ Upperside : the orange patch on fore wing extends from veins 10-5, with a small spot also
in space 5 ; proximad it runs in a curve skirting the cell to the origin of vein 2, then vertically to
i a ; distally covers the base of spaces 4 and 5, half 2 and 3, and the middle of i and la ; 3 mm.
broad in i and la, and 5 mm. on vein 2.

Underside : as in catori catori, but a broad blackish brown postdiscal band in both wings distal
of the orange spots ; these bands are very prominent.

Length of fore wing : <$ and $, 12 mm.

Holotype <$. UGANDA: Mpigi, Mpanga Forest, viii.igsg. T. H. E. Jackson.
Allotype $. Same data as holotype. iv.ig^g.
Recorded also from many other parts of Uganda.

160 T. H. E. JACKSON

Genus HEWITSONIA Kirby
Hewitsonia boisduvalii (Hewitson)

Cory don boisduvalii Hewitson, 1869 : i, pi. i.

Hewitsonia boisduvalii (Hewitson) Hewitson, 1878 : 17, pi. la, figs, 1,2.

The type of this species, a female, came from Gaboon and occurs throughout the
Southern Cameroon and French Equatorial Africa in the same form, changing to
subspecies congoensis Joicey & Talbot in the eastern Congo. Specimens from Nigeria
and Northern Cameroons differ considerably and warrant a further subspecific
name.

Hewitsonia boisduvalii nigeriensis ssp. n.

(PI. II, figS. 104, 105, PI. 12, figS. 114, 115)

cJ. Differs from the typical race as follows ; the four subapical spots are small, rounded,
blue with white centres ; the spot in space 5, as an example, is 2 mm. long, as against 7 mm.
The blue colour is darker. The small blue spots extending from the blue patch in the anal angle
fore wing into the base of space 2 are here reduced to one small blue streak and a few scattered
scales in the base. On hind wing blue patch less extensive, particularly in spaces 5 and 6.

Below, as in typical boisduvalii.

$. Subapical yellow band narrower, 4 mm. wide as against 6 mm. in boisduvalii ; yellow
spot in inner angle fore wing 6 mm. long, as against 8 mm.; otherwise not differing. Below not
differing.

This race is on average smaller than the typical race and in this agrees with congoensis Joicey
& Talbot.

Holotype <. NIGERIA: Lagos District, Oshodi. iv.i955. T. H. E. Jackson.
Allotype -. NIGERIA: Onitsha Prov., Awka, Mamu. xi.ig^g. T. H. E.
Jackson.

Hewitsonia similis ugandae ssp. n.

(PI. ii, figs. 106, 107, PI. 12, figs. 116, 117)
This is the eastern subspecies and differs as follows :

(?. Upperside : differs from similis similis Aurivillius in the reduction of the blue spots in
fore wing ; the spot in the inner angle is missing or represented by a few blue scales ; no blue
spots in the cell and those in 2 and 3 much reduced in size ; four white subapical spots in fore
wing ; hind wing as in the typical form but with a series of triangular black marginal spots, one
in each cellule.

?. Upperside : the subapical white or cream spots are larger than in specimens from Nigeria
and Sierra Leone, but smaller than those from the Cameroons otherwise not differing.

Underside : both sexes ; differs in the much paler ground colour and reduction in the black
streaks on hind wing ; the red-brown patch at the distal end of the hind wing costa is scarcely
visible, and does not contrast with the rest of the wing.

Holotype^. CONGO: Ituri, Beni, 4,000 ft. ix.i946. T. H. E. Jackson.
Allotype 9- UGANDA: Bwamba. ix.i942. T. H. E. Jackson.

NOTES ON THE EPITOLINAE 161

Heivitsonia intermedia Joicey & Talbot (stat. n.)

Hewitsonia kirbyi $ f. intermedia Joicey & Talbot, 1921 : 86.

This insect differs greatly from kirbyi Hewitson and should be considered as a
separate species.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My thanks are due to Monsieur H. Stempffer of Paris, for much help and advice
in writing this paper. To Mr. Harry K. Clench, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, and
Mr. Frederick H. Rindge, American Museum, New York, for information over
Holland's types. To the Keeper and staff of the Department of Entomology,
British Museum (Natural History) for all facilities, and particularly to Captain
N. D. Riley, C.B.E., Messrs. W. H. T. Tarns and T. G. Howarth for their advice.
To the Director, Humboldt Universitat, Berlin, for kindly lending me their types.

REFERENCES

AUDEOUD, G. E. 1936. Description de six especes ou sous-especes nouvelles de Rhopaloceres

africains. Mitt, schweiz. ent. Ges. 16 : 702-705, pi. 7, figs. 3, 4.
AURIVILLIUS, C. 1898. Rhopalocera Aethiopica. 561 pp. Stockholm.

- 1920. In Seitz, Macrolepidoptera of the World, 13 : pis. 64, 65. Stuttgart.

1923. Fortsetzung. Ergbn. zweit. Deutsch. Zentr. Afr. Exped. 1910-11, Zool. 17 : 1195-

1241.
BAKER, G. T. B. 1903. On new species of Lycaenidae from West Africa. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist.

(7) 12 : 324-334-

1904. On new species of Rhopalocera from Sierra Leone. Ibid. (7) 14 : 222-233.

1906. Description of some new African Butterflies. Ibid. (7) 17 : 104-110.

1913- Notes on Lycaenidae collected by W. A. Lamborn in the Lagos district of West

Africa with new species. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 46 : 499-507.

- 1915- Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera from Africa and the East. Ann. Mag.
nat. Hist. (8) 16 : 186-203.

- 1916. Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera. Ibid. (8) 17 : 378-385.

- 1921. Descriptions of new species of Lepidoptera, chiefly Lycaenidae from Southern
Nigeria, and one from Damba Island, Victoria Nyanza. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 54 :
461-464.

1926. Descriptions of new species of Rhopalocera from the Ethiopian Region. Ann.

Mag. nat. Hist. (9) 17 : 384-402.
DRUCE, H. H. 1890. Descriptions of twelve new species of Lycaenidae from West Africa

and one from Solomon Islands, in the Coll. of Herbert Druce. Ibid. (6) 5 : 24-31.

1903. Descriptions of four new species of West African Lycaenidae. Ibid. (7) 11 : 69- 72.

1910. Descriptions of new Lycaenidae and Hesperidae from tropical West Africa. Proc.

zool. Soc. Lond. 1910 : 356-378.

DUFRANE, A. 1953. Lepidopteres du Kivu. Bull. (Ann.) Soc. ent. Belg. 89 : 41-57.
FABRICIUS, J. C. 1793. Ent. Syst. Emend. 3 (i). 349pp. Stockholm.
GROSE-SMITH, H. & KIRBY, W. F. 1887-97. Rhopalocera Exotica, 1-2. London.

1898. Descriptions of new species of African butterflies in the Tring Museum.

Novit. Zool. 5 : 350-358.
HAWKER-SMITH, W. 1926. Some new Lycaenidae in the Congo Museum. Rev. zool. afr.

14 : 237-241.

1933. New species and races of Lipteninae (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Sty lops, 2 : i-n.

HEWITSON, W. C. 1869-78. Illustrations of Diurnal Lepidoptera, Suppl. 47 pp. London.

162 T. H. E. JACKSON

HEWITSON, W. C. 1873. Descriptions of six new species of Epitola from the west coast
of Africa. Ent. mon. Mag. 10 : 149-151.

1874. A list of butterflies taken on the march to Coomassie with descriptions of new

species. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (4) 13 : 380-383.

HOLLAND, W. J. 1890. Descriptions of new West African Lycaenidae. Psyche, 5 : 423-431.

1920. Lepidoptera of the Congo, being a systematic list of butterflies and moths collected

by the American Museum of Natural History Congo Expedition, together with descriptions
of hitherto undescribed species. Bull. Amer. Mus. nat. Hist. 43 : 109-331, pi. 12, fig. 10.

JOICEY, J. J. & TALBOT, G. 1921. New Lepidoptera collected by Mr. T. A. Barnes, in East

Central Africa. Bull. Hill. Mus. 1 : 40-166, pi. 14.
KIRBY, W. F. 1887. Descriptions of new species of Epitola from the Cameroons, &c. in the

collection of Henley Grose-Smith. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 19 : 441-445.
1890. Descriptions of new species of African Lycaeinidae, chiefly from the collections of

Dr. Staudinger & Mr. Henley Grose-Smith. Ibid. (6) 6 : 261-274.

MABILLE, P. 1877. Catalogue des Lepidopteres du Congo. Bull. Soc. zool. Fr. 2 : 214-221.
ROCHE, P. 1954. Revisional notes on the genus Epitola Westwood (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae).

Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.) Entom. 3 : 489-501, pis. 19-22.
POULTON, E. B. 1929. African Rhopalocera : Descriptions and notes. Trans. R. ent. Soc.

Lond. 77 : 475-504, pi. 30.

SEITZ, A. 1908. Macrolepidoptera of the World, 13 : 1-613, pi- 64, 65.
SCHULTZE, A. 1911. Eine neue Epitola aus dem afrikanischen Aequatorial-Urwalde. 7ns,

25 : 95-96.
SHARPE, E. M. 1890. On some new species of African Lycaenidae in the collection of Philip

Crowley. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6) 6 : 103-106.
STAUDINGER, O. 1888. Exotische Schmetterlinge, 1. 333 pp. Fiirth.

1889. Zwei neue afrikanische Lycaeniden. Ent. Nachr. 15 : 176-180.

STEMPFFER, H. 1956. Contribution a 1'etude des Lepidopteres Lycaenidae de 1'Afrique

equatoriale. Ann. Mus. Cong. belg. (8) 49 : 7-52.
STONEHAM, H. F. 1933. New species of Lycaeinidae Leach from Kenya Colony, British East

Africa. Bull. Stoneham Mus. 17 : 1-3, pi. i.

SUFFERT, E. 1904. Neue afrikanische Tagfalter. Iris, 17 : 12-107.
TALBOT, G. 1935. New species and forms of African Lycaenidae (Lep. Rhop.). Ent. mon.

Mag. 71 : 69-78.
1937- New African Lycaeinidae and Nymphalidae and two new Diestogyna (Lepidoptera).

Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 86 : 59-72, pis. 1-2.

INDEX

163

adolphifriderici, 130
aequatorialis, 135
alba, 155

albomaculata, 138
ammon, 129
Aslauga, 156
azurea, 148

badia, 137
badura, 136
badwia, 136
barombiensis, 154
batesi, 132
Batelusia, 157
bella, 142
belli, 128
benitensis, 155
boisduvalii, 166
budduana, 151

carcassoni, 157
carcina, 140
carilla, 134
carpenter!, 144
catori, 159
catuna, 143
cephena, 146
ceraunia, 129
cercene, 131
cercenoides, 132
ciconia, 136
coerulea, 140
conception, 139
congoana, 140
congoensis, 160
conjuncta, 151
convexa, 131
crippsi, 126
crowleyi, 129

daveyi, 138
decellei, 127
Deloneura, 157
despecta, 156
dewitzi, 129
doleta, 146
dolorosa, 152
dorothea, 133
dunia, 141

INDEX

elissa, 139
entebbeana, 146
Epitola, 125
Epitolina, 159

flavoantennata, 140

gerina, 138
ghesquieri, 145
goodii, 138
gordoni, 135

hewitsoni, 126
Hewitsonia, 160
hewitsonioides, 126

ikoya, 140
insulana, 133
intermedia, 131, 161
iturina, 142

jacksoni, 135

kamengensis, 150
katerae, 149
katherinae, 134
kholifa, 140
kirbyi, 161

lamborni, 152
langi, 156
leonae, 156
leonensis, 146
leonina, 136, 146
liana, 138

maculata, 152
mara, 135
marginata, 130
mengoensis, 153
mercedes, 147
miranda, 126
moyambina, 130
mpangensis, 149
mus, 144

Neaveia, 158
nigeriae, 145
nigeriensis, 160

nigra, 145
nigrovenata, 136
nitida, 139
nitide, 139

obscura, 152
oniensis, 139
orientalis, 143, 158
ouesso, 147

Phytala, 155
pinodes, 143
pinodoides, 152
posthumus, 128
pulverulenta, 155
purpurascens, 156
pseudoconjuncta, 153

radiata, 143
rezia, 156
rileyi, 150

semibrunnea, 129
similis, 160
staudingeri, 134
stemp fieri, 127
Stempfferia, 157
subalba, 139
subcoerulea, 154
subfulvida, 156
sublustris, 154

tanganikensis, 129
tumentia, 137
Tumerepes, 157

ugandae, 159, 160
umbratilis, 130
uniformis, 132
urania, 128

versicolor, 131
vidua, 127
vinalli, 154
virginea, 139
viridana, 142

zelica, 138
zelza, 137

ENTOM. 12, 3.

II

PLATE i

FIGS. 1-9. Uppersides of Epitola : (i) miranda miranda Staudinger neallotype female,
(2) miranda vidua Talbot neallotype male, (3) urania urania Kirby neallotype female, (4) urania
tanganikensis Joicey & Talbot neallotype female, (5) moyambina Baker neallotype female,
(6) intermedia Roche neallotype female, (7) convexa Roche neallotype female, (8) uniformis
Kirby neallotype female, (9) insulana Aurivillius neallotype female.

4 JUN'96?

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 12, 3

PLATE i

PLATE 2

FIGS. 10-18. Undersides of Epitola : (10) miranda miranda Staudinger neallotype female,
(n) miranda vidua Talbot neallotype male, (12) urania urania Kirby neallotype female, (13)
urania tanganikensis Joicey & Talbot neallotype female, (14) moyambina Baker neallotype
female, (15) intermedia Roche neallotype female, (16) convexa Roche neallotype female, (17)
uniformis Kirby neallotype female, (18) insulana Aurivillius neallotype female.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 12, 3

PLATE 2

14

15

17

13

PLATE 3

FIGS. 19-28. Uppersides of Epitola : (19) staudingeri Kirby neallotype female, (20) mam
Talbot neallotype female, (21) leonina Staudinger neallotype female, (22) nigrovenata sp. n.
holotype male, (23) nigrovenata sp. n. allotype female, (24) tumentia Druce neallotype female,
(25) elissa Grose-Smith neallotype female, (26) coerulea sp. n. holotype male, (27) coernlea sp. n.
allotype female, (28) dunia Kirby neallotype female.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 12, 3

PLATE 3

21

28

PLATE 4

FIGS. 29-38. Undersides of Epitola : (29) staudingeri Kirby neallotype female, (30) mara
Talbot neallotype female, (31) leonina Staudinger neallotype female, (32) nigrovenata sp. n.
holotype male (33) nigrovenata sp. n. allotype female, (34) tumentia Druce neallotype female,
(35) elissa Grose-Smith neallotype female, (36) coernlea sp. n. holotype male, (37) coerulea sp. n.
allotype female, (38) dunia Kirby neallotype female.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 12, 3

PLATE 4

30

31

35

38

PLATE 5

FIGS. 39-48. Uppersides of Epitola : (39) viridana viridana Joicey & Talbot neallotype
female, (40) catuna Kirby neallotype female, (41) carpenteri Baker neallotype female, (42)
orientalis Roche neallotype female, (43) ghesquieri Roche neallotype female, (44) nigeriae sp. n.
holotype male, (45) nigeriae sp. n. allotype female, (46) cephena entebbeana Baker neallotype
female, (47) mercedes Suffert neallotype female, (48) mpangensis sp. n. allotype female.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 12, 3

PLATE 5

39

44

40

45

41

46

42

47

43

PLATE 6

FIGS. 49-58. Undersides of Epitola : (49) viridana viridana Joicey & Talbot neallotype
female, (50) catuna Kirby neallotype female, (51) carpenteri Baker neallotype female, (52)
orientalis Roche neallotype female, (53) ghesquieri Roche neallotype female, (54) nigeriae sp. n.
holotype male, (55) nigeriae sp. n. allotype female, (56) cephena entebbeana Baker neallotype
female, (57) mercedes Suffert neallotype female, (58) mpangensis sp. n. allotype female.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 12, 3

PLATE 6

49

54

50

55

51

56

52

53

PLATE 7

FIGS. 59-68. Uppersides of Epitola : (59) ouesso sp. n. holotype male, (60) ouesso sp. n.
allotype female, (61) azurea sp. n. holotype male, (62) katerae sp. n. holotype male, (63) katerae
sp. n. allotype female, (64) kamengensis sp. n. holotype male, (65) kamengensis sp. n. allotype
female, (66) pseudoconjuncta sp. n. holotype male, (67) pseudoconjuncta sp. n. allotype female,
(68) vinalH Talbot neallotype female.

Bull. 13. M. (N.H.) Entom. 12, 3

PLATE 7

59

64

60

65

61

66

62

67

63

68

PLATE 8

FIGS. 69-78. Undersides of Epitola : (69) ouesso sp. n. holotype male, (70) ouesso sp. n.
allotype female, (71) azurea sp. n. holotype male, (72) katerae sp. n. holotype male, (73) katerae
sp. n. allotype female, (74) kamengensis sp. n. holotype male, (75) kamengensis sp. n. allotype
female, (76) pseudoconjuncta sp. n. holotype male, (77) pseudoconjuncta sp. n. allotype female,
(78) vinalli Talbot neallotype female.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 12, 3

PLATE 8

69

70

75

71

76

72

77

73

78

PLATE 9

FIGS. 79-88. Uppersides of Epitola : (79) mengoensis Baker neallotype female, (80) barom-
biensis Kirby neallotype female, (81) alba sp. n. holotype male, (82) alba sp. n. allotype female,
(83) carpenteri Baker male, (84) zelza Hewitson male, (85) urania urania Kirby male, (86)
iturina Joicey & Talbot male, (87) dorothea Baker male, (88) insulana Aurivillius male.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 12, i

PLATE 9

79

80

81

82

83

PLATE 10

FIGS. 89-98. Undersides of Epitola : (89) mengoensis Baker neallotype female, (90) barom-
biensis Kirby neallotype female, (91) alba sp. n. holotype male, (92) alba sp. n. allotype female,
(93) carpenteri Baker male, (94) zelza Hewitson male, (95) urania urania Kirby male, (96) iturina
Joicey & Talbot male, (97) dorothea Baker male, (98) insulana Aurivillius male.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 12, 3

PLATE 10

89

90

91

92

97

93

PLATE ii

FIGS. 99-108. Uppersides of Epitolina, Neaveia, Hewitsonia and Stempfferia : (99) E. catori
ugandae ssp. n. holotype male, (100) E. catori ugandae ssp. n. allotype female, (101) N. lamborni
orientalis ssp. n. holotype male, (102) N. lamborni orientalis ssp. n. allotype female, (103) Stemp-
fferia carcassoni gen. et sp. n. holotype male, (104) H. boisduvalii nigeriensis ssp. n. holotype
male, (105) H. boisduvalii nigeriensis ssp. n. allotype female, (106) H. similis ugandae ssp. n.
holotype male, (107) H. similis ugandae ssp. n. allotype female, (108) Stempfferia carcassoni
gen. et sp. n. allotype female.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 12, 3

PLATE ii

99

100

101

106

102

107

tvn

103

108

PLATE 12

FIGS. 109-118. Undersides of Epitolina, Neavia, Hewitsonia and Stempfferia : (109) E. catori
ugandae ssp. n. holotype male, (no) E. catori ugandae ssp. n. allotype female, (in) N. lamborni
orientalis ssp. n. holotype male, (112) A 7 , lamborni orientalis ssp. n. allotype female, (113) Stemp-
fferia carcassoni gen. et sp. n. holotype male, (114) H. boisduvalii nigeriensis ssp. n. holotype
male, (115) H. boisduvalii nigeriensis ssp. n. allotype female, (116) H. similis ugandae ssp. n.
holotype male, (117) H. similis ugandae allotype female, (118) Stempfferia carcassoni gen. et
sp. n. allotype female.

Bull. B.M. (N.H.) Entom. 12, 3

PLATE 12

109

110

111

112

113

PLATE 13

FIGS. 119-130. Uppersides and undersides of Epitola : (ny, 125) liana Roche neallotype
female, (120, 126) staudingeri aequatorialis ssp. n. holotype male, (121, 127) staudingeri aequa-
torialis ssp. n. allotype female, (122, 128) stempfferi sp. n. holotype male, (123, 129) stempfferi
sp. n. allotype female, (124, 130) hewitsoni Mabille holotype male.

Bull. B.M. (N.I I.) Entom. 12. 3

PLATE 13

124

130

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY
ADLARD AND SON, LIMITED,
BARTHOLOMEW PRESS, DORKING

ft.

A REVISION OF AFRICAN

LAEMOPHLOEINAE
(COLEOPTERA : CUCUJIDAE)

L. P. LEFKOVITCH

3 JUL 9i?

^

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 12 No. 4

LONDON: 1962

A REVISION OF AFRICAN LAEMOPHLOEINAE
(COLEOPTERA : CUCUJIDAE)

BY

L. P. LEFKOVITCH

Pest Infestation Laboratory, Slough

"Ywl

Pp. 165-245 ; 82 Text-figures

BULLETIN OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 12 No. 4

LONDON : 1962

THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM

(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is
issued in five series corresponding to the Departments
of the Museum, and an Historical Series.

Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become
ready. Volumes will contain about three or four
hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed
within one calendar year.

This paper is Vol. 12, No. 4 of the Entomological
series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow
those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.

Trustees of the British Museum 1962

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM

Issued 17 July 1962 Price Twenty -seven shillings and sixpence

A REVISION OF AFRICAN LAEMOPHLOEINAE
(COLEOPTERA : CUCUJIDAE)

By L. P. LEFKOVITCH

CONTENTS

Page.
INTRODUCTION ........... 167

STRUCTURE OF THE ADULT . . . . . . . . .168

KEY TO GENERA OF AFRICAN LAEMOPHLOEINAE . . . . .171

DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPECIES, WITH KEYS .... 174

I. Gannes gen. n. ......... 174

II. Placonotus Macleay . . . . . . . .176

III. Xylolestes gen. n. ........ 187

IV. Xylophloeus gen. n. ........ 189

V. Blubos gen. n. ......... 194

VI. Microlaemus gen. n. . . . . . . .196

VII. Magnoleptus gen. n. ........ 199

VIII. Leptophloeus Casey 201

IX. Narthecius Leconte . . . . . . . .210

X. Passandrophloeus Kessel . . . . . . .213

XI. Mestolaemus gen. n. ........ 215

XII. Mariolaemus gen. n. ........ 216

XIII. Notolaemus Lefkovitch ........ 220

XIV. Planolestes Lefkovitch 226

XV. Cucujinus Arrow ........ 228

Paracucujinus subgen. n. ...... 230

XVI. Cryptolestes Ganglbauer 231

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......... 240

APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . .241

REFERENCES ........... 242

INDEX ............ 243

SYNOPSIS

Keys to, and descriptions of, sixteen genera, one subgenus and eighty-six species of Laemo-
phloeinae from the Ethiopian region (including Madagascar, Madeira, the Canaries and the
Salvages) and some North African species which are primarily Palaearctic are provided. Eight
new genera, one new subgenus and thirty-nine new species are described ; two new generic
and eleven new specific synonymies are made.

INTRODUCTION

IN a previous paper (Lefkovitch, 19596), it was pointed out that Laemophloeus
was a heterogeneous group. Based upon a study of species occurring in Europe,
the genus was divided into more natural assemblages which were considered to merit
generic status. Since a number of species of the Laemophloeinae are of economic
importance, it was considered justifiable to extend the study of the group to those
species not occurring in Europe. This paper is the first of such studies.

ENTOM. 12, 4. 12

168 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

The species considered here are from the Ethiopian region including Madagascar
(some species from Madagascar belong to a fauna whose affinities are with the
Oriental or Pacific regions) and those apparently native to Madeira, the Canaries and
the Salvages ; those North African species which are primarily European and
represented in Mediterranean Africa but are here excluded are Lathropus sepicola
(Miiller), Laemophloeus nigricollis Lucas, L. monilis (Fabricius), L. muticus (Fabri-
cius), Notolaemus castaneus (Erichson), N. unifasciatus (Latreille), Cryptolestes
duplicates (Waltl), C . fmctipennis (Motschulsky), C. corticinus (Erichson), Placonotus
testaceus (Fabricius), Leptophloeus alternans (Erichson), L. juniperi (Grouvelle),
L. hypobori (Ferris) and L. dematidis (Erichson) ; reference should be made to
Lefkovitch (19596) for a discussion of these.

There is one African species Laemophloeus notabilis Grouvelle, 1904 : 183, whose
type specimens I have been unable to see and whose description is inadequate for
its generic position to be established. It should be regarded as a species incertae
sedis for the present. So far as I know, all other previously described species have
been included.

The most interesting point that has arisen from the study of the African and
European species of the subfamily (Lefkovitch, 19596) is the difficulty in finding
adult characters which would enable a tribal grouping of the genera. Quite clearly,
Cucujinus Arrow, by its extreme flattening, the grooved prothoracic sublateral lines,
the large contribution made by the metepisternum to the mesocoxal cavity and the
curved suture between that sclerite and the metasternum, is distinct from the other
genera. This degree of difference is such that the lack of apparent comparable
differences between the other genera suggests that the appropriate phylogenetic
characters are yet to be discovered. The recognition of these characters may be
easier after a study of the Laemophloeinae in the remainder of the world. No tribal
grouping of the genera will therefore be attempted at this stage.

Data relating to specimens consisting of " Miss. H. de Saeger " followed by a
number are given in the appendix ; further details are given by de Saeger (1956).
The specimens were collected in Garamba in the Congo.

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF ADULT LAEMOPHLOEINAE

HEAD. The head is perhaps the most obviously variable part of the body.
The lateral lines, which when present (they are absent in Lathropus) have much
the same structure as those of the pronotum, may often be joined anteriorly by a
transverse line. In some genera, this transverse line is in fact a groove, which to-
gether with the median impressed line suggests the primitive Y-shaped epicranial
sutures, e.g. Text-fig. 5. These sutures are not homologous with the ecdysial lines
of immature stages of Coleoptera and the transverse suture is probably between
the ante- and postclypeus and not between the frons and the clypeus. In some
other genera the transverse line is raised and is obviously no more than a transverse
continuation of the lateral lines. In some of these genera, examination by trans-
mitted light reveals a transverse suture in the head which does not coincide with
the transverse line. In the broadest terms, the shape of the head varies from

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE 169

truncated triangular to rectangular and can even be rostrate as in Rhinolaemus,
Rhinophloeus and Rhinomalus. In general the gular sutures are visible in all the
genera and are never confluent even in those genera (e.g. Magnoleptus gen. n.)
which recall the Passandridae in their general appearance. The anterior angles of
the genae are variable in the degree of development ; in most genera they present no
unusual features but in those genera in which males have a lateral expansion exter-
nally upon the mandibles, the genae are often enlarged proportionally. In males of
Passandrophloeus the degree of development is such that mandibular development
is quite clearly linked with that of the genae, which appear to prevent the mandibles
from crossing too far in the median line (Text-fig. 39). Antennae vary to some
extent in the subfamily ; the scape, pedicel and three-segmented club may be con-
siderably more robust than the intermediate segments (e.g. Lathropus) ; the degree
of size differentiation is almost imperceptible in some genera ; the antennal seg-
ments may even be quite elongate and a club completely indistinguishable. Sexual
dimorphism may be apparent in the structure of the antenna. In males of many
species in many genera, the antennal segments are elongate and there is no apparent
club (e.g. Text-fig. 54), whereas those of females are shorter and a club is often quite
distinct (e.g. Text-fig. 64). In addition, the male antennae may be as long as, or
longer than the rest of the body whereas those of females of the same species are
often equal to no more than half the body length. In some species the scape of the
male is developed into an unusual form (Lefkovitch, 19586) ; two species with such
developments occur in the African region.

MOUTHPARTS. Laemophloeinae may be distinguished from other Cucujidae in
that the lacinia is completely devoid of setae. As noted above, the mandibles may
be produced laterally, resembling the condition in males of some species of Uleiota.

In this paper, " front of the head " refers to the dorsal margin between the
antennal insertions, " epistome " to that part of the margin above the mouthparts.

PRONOTUM. In general, the pronotum is broader than long, although in Lepto-
phloeus and Narthecius the reverse may hold. Normally the anterior angles are
distinct but are less prominent than the posterior angles except in Cannes and some
Placonotus. Each lateral line (stria of earlier authors) may consist of a simple
raised ridge (e.g. Text-fig. 20) or it may be a double structure consisting of
a raised ridge and an internal groove, the whole appearing as a single structure
(e.g. Text-fig. 24). In some genera the groove may deepen behind the mid-
point and form a deep fovea (e.g. Text-fig. 5). A line of punctures may be
situated adjacent to the ridge externally, their outer margins sometimes running
together to form what appears to be a second lateral line (e.g. Text-fig. 40). When
such a condition holds, it is usually easy to decide which of the two lateral lines is
the primary since the outer margin of the raised part of the primary line is continuous
with the line adjacent to the anterior and posterior margins of the sclerite. In
Cucujinus the lateral line is simply an elongate groove without any distinct edges,
disappearing anteriorly and posteriorly before reaching the edge of the sclerite
(Text-fig. 55).

ELYTRA. Punctured striae are typical and are probably always present.
However, superimposed upon this puncturation there is in many genera a system

I 7

L. P. LEFKOVITCH

of longitudinal raised areas. The position of these raised areas is quite constant.
They occur in the first, third, fifth and seventh intervals of each elytron, but there
is some variation between genera, and between the species in some genera, in the
degree of elevation and in the lateral width. The regions enclosed by these raised
areas, which are continuous both apically and basally, are called a cell for the
purposes of this paper. The longitudinal raised region between the cells is here
called a secondary interval. The secondary intervals may be quite narrow as in
Microlaemm (Text-fig. 24) in which case the primary strial interval may then be
considered to be carinate or just elevated ; or they may be broad as in Magnoleptus,
where an accurate brief description of the primary interval may be difficult to give
(Text-fig. 27) . It is quite clear that each cell contains two rows of punctured striae
and that any rows of punctures situated on a secondary interval do not represent
striae (Text-fig, i). Secondary rows of punctures may be present in the cells in
addition to the striae, e.g. in Cryptolestes capensis which has one additional row and in
C. ferrugineus which has two. A brief examination will often suffice to distinguish
which rows of punctures are striae and which are secondary.

VENTRAL SIDE OF THE THORAX. The pro-episternal region is quite distinct and
the suture between this sclerite and the prosternum often reaches the lateral margin
of the pro thorax. The pro-epimeron is often exposed and may close the anterior
coxal cavity in conjunction with the intercoxal process of the prosternum (Text-fig.
38). The amount of closure of the anterior cavities is variable ; the cavities may
be open posteriorly (Text-fig. 19), they may be closed by a meeting of the prosternum
and epimeron either as points (Text-fig. 13) or in a broad front (Text-fig. 38). The
prosternal process may be either very broad (Text-fig. 56) or very narrow (Text-fig.
21). It may be straight posteriorly, convex or concave. These features may be of

FIG. i. Diagrammatic dorsal view of right elytron of typical Laemophloeinae.

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE 171

value in a tribal classification, since they must be of importance in the kind of move-
ment that the animal is able to make and thus of significance in the evolution of the
group. There is some variation in the construction of the ventral side of the meso-
thorax in different genera. In most genera both the mesepisternum and the
mesepimeron form part of the mesocoxal cavity, or if the mesepimeron does not,
then it only just fails to do so. In many genera the metepisternum either does not
contribute to the mesocoxal cavity (Text-fig. 15) or only just does so, but in Cucujinus
the contribution of this sclerite is such that it forms an important part of the
posterolateral margin of the cavity (Text-fig. 56).

The metasternum presents no special features except in the degree of definition
of the median suture, and in the shape of that region in contact with the intercoxal
process of the first visible abdominal sternite.

VENTRAL SIDE OF THE ABDOMEN. The intercoxal process of the first visible
abdominal sternite has been considered by Lefkovitch (19596) ; nothing further
has been revealed by the African species of the subfamily. There is considerable
variation in the overall shape of the five sternites which are visible, but it seems
likely that this variation represents generic and not tribal differences. In general,
either the first four visible sternites are as broad as each other or they become
progressively narrower, the fifth sternite always being the narrowest. The first
sternite is longest although the fifth sternite may be nearly as long as the first in
some genera.

LEGS. The legs show a certain amount of variation although much of this is
often specific in character. The trochantero-femoral junctions are usually of the
normal type, but occasionally an approach to both the heteromeroid and the
elongate type may be seen. The femora are often dilated, and, in very flattened
species, the dilation may be considerable in one plane. The tibiae are usually
slightly sinuate and bear two spines apically. In the peculiar Laemophloeus mirificus
Grouvelle, these two spines are produced into setae which are equal in length to the
combined lengths of the tarsal segments. The tarsi are usually five-segmented
but may be four-segmented in the hind legs only, as in the males of many species.
The basal four segments together are usually slightly longer than the terminal
segment, but may be much shorter as in Lathropus Erichson, where the basal
segments are shortened, or as in Laemophloeus gestroi Grouvelle where the terminal
segments are considerably elongate in comparison with the usual condition. The
terminal segment is never short. There is at most the very smallest indication of
lobing of the segments ventrally.

(The generic attribution of mirificus and gestroi has not yet been established.)

KEY TO GENERA

1 . Frontoclypeal suture situated at the base of a transverse groove .... 2
Frontoclypeal suture either not situated at the base of a transverse groove or obsolete 4

2. Intercoxal process of the first abdominal sternite pointed anteriorly ; anterior

angles of the pronotum never produced into an acute tooth

LAEMOPHLOEUS Dejean 1

1 This genus is included in the key since although it is not represented in the Ethiopean region proper,
it is represented in Mediterranean Africa : supra p. 168.

I 7 2 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

- Intercoxal process of the first abdominal sternite straight or slightly rounded

anteriorly ; anterior angles of the pronotum often produced into an acute tooth 3

3. Elytra always covering the whole abdomen ; last visible abdominal sternite in the

mid-line at most only slightly longer than the preceding sternite ; pronotum
1-3 times as broad as long ; right mandible of male produced laterally and

dorsally I. CANNES gen. n. (p. 174)

Elytra leaving at least the tip of the abdomen exposed (Text-fig. 3), often the last
segment is completely exposed dorsally ; last visible abdominal sternite usually
distinctly longer than the preceding sternite, often twice as long ; pronotum
usually quadrate or very slightly transverse ; mandibles of the male without any
lateral production II. PLACONOTUS Macleay (p. 176)

4. Head strongly produced anteriorly to the antennal insertions forming a distinct

rostrum, this region being broad and flattened ; pronotal lines strongly carinate ;
anterior coxal cavities widely open posteriorly ; coxae very close together on
each segment, separated by a distance equal to less than the width of a coxa ;
intercoxal process of the first visible abdominal sternite pointed anteriorly ;
antennae very short, hardly reaching the mid-point of the pronotum

Laemophloeus raffrayi Grouvelle 1

- Head only normally developed anteriorly to the antennal insertions or not produced

at all ; pronotal lines only weakly carinate ; anterior coxal cavities either broadly
or narrowly open, or closed posteriorly ; coxae separated by a distance equal to
or greater than the width of a coxa ; intercoxal process of the first visible abdomi-
nal sternite never pointed anteriorly ; antennae usually reaching at least the
mid-point of the pronotum .......... 5

5. Lateral lines on the head joined transversely just behind and very close to but

distinct from the epistome by an almost straight but sometimes irregular line,
this line possibly representing the frontoclypeal suture ..... 6

Lateral lines of head, if joined by a line, the line is not straight but clearly curved

(or the line is the line of the epistome) ....... 7

6. Labrum truncate or shallowly emarginate anteriorly ; antennae usually inserted at

the front corners of the head ; eyes usually occupying slightly more than one-third
of the lateral margin of the head measured from the front angles to the base

III. XYLOLESTES gen. n. (p. 187)

- Labrum evenly rounded anteriorly ; antennae usually inserted laterally on the

head, behind the front corners ; eyes usually occupying about one-quarter of the
lateral margin of the head . . . .IV. XYLOPHLOEUS gen. n. (p. 189)

7. Lateral lines of pronotum never reaching its base (Text-fig. 55) ; head expanding

laterally from base to just behind eyes, at widest usually broader than the prono-
tum ; elytra leaving at least the last and often the preceding segments exposed

XV. CUCUJINUS Arrow (p. 228)

Lateral lines of the pronotum always reaching its base ; head parallel-sided from
base to eyes, at most as broad as the pronotum ; elytra never leaving more than
the tip of the pygidium exposed ......... 8

8. Prothorax with suture between pronotum and pro-episternum visible dorsally ;

about 4 mm. in length and Carabid-like in general appearance ; elytra with very
distinct punctate striae (Text-fig. 20) . .. . V. BLI/BOSgen. n. (p. 194)

Prothorax with suture between pronotum and pro-episternum not visible dorsally
or if so, beetles cylindrical, resembling some Colydiidae and about 2 mm. in
length ; elytra with less distinct punctate striae ...... 9

9. Epistome either rounded, truncate, or 'with a single medial spine anteriorly or with

two teeth (Text-figs. 28-30) or, if with one emargination, either the mesepimera

1 This species does not belong to the Cucujidae and a detailed study has failed to show its proper
family position. It is included here since it was originally described as a Laemophloeus and could
possibly be misidentified as a Laemophloeine (see Lefkovitch, 1962).

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE 173

contribute to the mesocoxal cavities or the body is never longer than 3 mm. and
the clypeus is rarely produced into horns in males .... 10

Epistome with three or five emarginations or, if with one emargination, either the
mesepimera do not contribute to the mesocoxal cavities or the clypeus is always
produced into horns in the males (Text-fig. 54) and the body is usually 3 mm. or
more in length .......... .15

10. Frontoclypeal suture represented by a line strongly curved away from the mouth-

parts (Text-fig. 24) (in the smallest species, this line is not easily seen) ; a dark
mark is present anteriorly on the lateral lines of the head at the junction between
the lines and the frontoclypeal suture ; first visible abdominal sternite 2-5 times
as long as the second sternite in the mid-line ; last visible abdominal sternite
1-5 times as long as the preceding sternite . VI. MICROLAEMUS gen. n. (p. 196)
Frontoclypeal suture obsolete ; no dark marks anteriorly on the lateral lines of the
head ; first visible abdominal sternite usually only twice as long as the second
sternite in the mid-line ; last visible abdominal sternite only rarely longer than
the preceding sternite ......... n

1 1 . Body almost cylindrical ; antennae less than half the body length in both sexes ;

head and pronotum never with two carinae on each side . . . . . 12
Body more flattened in section ; antennae in female just less than half the body
length or longer, in male often considerably longer than those of the female, often
either as long as the body, or head and pronotum with two lines on each side, or
these characters combined ...... 14

12. Head longitudinally grooved on each side of a median epistomal horn

IX. NARTHECIUS Leconte (p. 210)
Head, if with a median epistomal horn, not longitudinally grooved on each side of it 13

13. Larger beetles, 3-5-5-0 mm. in length ; male tarsal formula 5-5-4 ; body usually

black or reddish black in colour . . . VII. MAGNOLEPTUS gen. n. (p. 199)
Smaller beetles, 1-8-3-0 mm. in length ; tarsal formula in both sexes 5-5-5 (except
in two species where it is 5-5-4) ; body usually brown in colour

VIII. LEPTOPHLOEUS Casey (p. 201)

14. Anterior coxal cavities with broad transverse extensions laterally (Text-fig. 38) ;

head with two lateral lines on each side ; mandibles of male produced laterally
and ventrally (Text-fig. 39) ; genal horns strongly developed, especially in males

X. PASSANDROPHLOEUS Kessel (p. 213)

Anterior coxal cavities with narrow lateral transverse extensions ; head rarely with
two lateral lines on each side, usually with one ; mandibles of the males of some
species produced laterally but never ventrally ; genal horns weakly developed

XVI. CRYPTOLESTESGanglbauer (p. 231)

15. Front of head with a deep emargination just internal to the antennae (Text-fig. 43) ;

five distinct emarginations exist between the insertions of the antennae

XI. MESTOLAEMVS gen. n. (p. 215)

Front of head only shallowly emarginate just internal to the antennae ; only one
distinct emargination exists anteriorly on the head, that over the mouthparts ;
very shallow more lateral emarginations may be present in larger species, but a
deep emargination just medial to the antennae is never present . . . 16

1 6. Intercoxal process of the first visible abdominal sternite evenly rounded anteriorly

and without a straighter median section ; frons produced anteriorly into two
horns in males (in one species only the left horn is developed), these horns appar-
ently being formed by the production of the external angles of the single epistomal
emargination (Text-fig. 54) ; elytra carinate laterally, with secondary intervals
well developed and continuing to the apices ; the secondary intervals may be as
broad as the cells or narrower ; beetles larger, 2-3-3-5 mm. in length (associated
with Legume pods) .... XIV. PLANOLESTES Lefkovitch (p. 226)

174 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

Intercoxal process of the first visible abdominal sternite rounded and with a straighter
median section ; frons not produced anteriorly into horns in either sex ; elytra
carinate or non-carinate laterally, if with raised secondary intervals then either
the elytra become flat apically or the secondary intervals are always as broad as the
cells ; beetles usually smaller, 1-5-2-5 mm. in length, if larger, then usually
three emarginations are present anteriorly on the head . . . . . 17

17. Posterior border of intercoxal process of prosternum concave for reception of
mesosternum (Text-fig. 44) ; elytra not carinate laterally ; beetles more convex in
section and body rather short ; elytra with only one raised interval, recurved
near the humeral angle and with faint punctured striae ; scutellum semi-elliptical ;
internal angle of metepisternum not contributing to the mesocoxal cavity, i.e.
mesepimeron and metasternum in contact with each other

XII. MARIOLAEMUS gen. n. (p. 216)

Posterior border of intercoxal process of prosternum evenly rounded (Text-fig. 53) ;
elytra carinate laterally ; beetles flattened in section and body longer ; elytra
with at least two raised intervals in addition to the punctured striae ; scutellum
triangular ; metepisternum contributing to the mesocoxal cavity, i.e. mesepimeron
separated from metasternum by the anterior angle of the metepisternum

XIII. NOTOLAEMUS Lefkovitch (p. 220 )

DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPECIES

I. CANNES gen. n.

Type species : Cannes immodemtus sp. n.

This genus is most closely related to Placonotus Macleay. It is distinguished
from that genus by the characters given in the key (p. 172).

About 2 mm.; body flattened.

Head transverse ; eyes large, usually in contact with prothorax ; frontoclypeal suture distinct
and situated at the base of a groove ; epistome truncate ; lateral line distinct and forming part
of the dorsal margin of eye ; antennae about as long as body in male, shorter in female, in female
there is a loose three-segmented club ; males with right mandibles produced laterally and dorsally.

Pronotum distinctly transverse, narrowing somewhat basally ; anterior and posterior angles
acute but hardly, if at all, produced ; lateral line distinctly raised and with an accompanying
depression, the line not punctured or foveolate along its length.

Scutellum semicircular ; elytra carinate laterally, with the third cell complete (see p. 170) and
two other raised intervals.

Genae normal ; gular sutures obsolete ; anterior coxal cavities closed posteriorly, circular and
widely separated ; intercoxal process of the prosternum slightly convex posteriorly ; mesepimera
not contributing to the mesocoxal cavities (Text-fig. 2) ; metasternum equal in length to the
first two abdominal segments ; intercoxal process of first abdominal segment almost straight
anteriorly ; first visible abdominal sternite 1-5 times as long as the second sternite, second,
third and fourth sternites about equal to each other, fifth slightly longer ; legs subequal ;
trochantero-femoral junctions of normal type ; tarsal formula 5-5-5 in female, 5-5-4 in male.

KEY, TO SPECIES

i. Head with punctures very slightly less in diameter than facets of eyes, separated
by a polygonal micro-reticulation ; discal setae about 2 -5 times as long as diameter
of a puncture ; fifth antennal segment in males longer than the scape

2. ambiguus (Grouvelle) (p. 175)

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE 175

Head with punctures much less than an eye facet in diameter (about 0-25 times),
separated mainly by smooth cuticle but with small areas of irregular micro-
reticulation ; setae about 5 times as long as the diameter of a puncture ; fifth
antennal segment in males shorter than the scape . i. itntnoderatus sp. n. (p. 175)

i. Cannes immoderatus sp. n.

(Text-fig. 3)

i -9-2 -3 mm.; body reddish yellow to blackish red in colour ; elytra somewhat more yellow
than the head and pronotum.

Head across eyes nearly as wide as pronotum at its widest ; frontoclypeal suture evenly
curved posteriorly ; epistome rounded anteriorly ; antennae as long as body in male, shorter
in female ; last three segments somewhat enlarged ; head simply punctured, with a micro-
reticulation, punctures separated by one to two diameters, each subtending a seta equal to
five punctures in length ; pronotum with puncturation and setation as on the head ; elytra some-
what oval, broadest about a third of their length from the base and narrowing apically, evenly
rounded to apico-sutural angle.

CONGO, UGANDA.

HOLOTYPE male " Yangambi 1953. C. Donis z.2634 (= Synsepalum dulciferum
Sch. and Th. : Sapotaceae) coll. R. Mayne. Com. et Bois Congo. R2439 " (Mus. R.
Congo Beige) ; i paratype with same data as holotype except with 2.2992 and R244O ;

1 paratype with same data as holotype but with 2.2672 (Mus. R. Congo Beige) ;

2 paratypes "Uganda Kampala 25.vii.i927 H. Hargreaves " (British Museum
(Natural History)).

2. Cannes ambiguus (Grouvelle) comb. n.

Laemophloeus ambiguus Grouvelle, 1923.

This species differs from G. immoderatus sp. n. in that the setae on the head and
pronotum are considerably shorter, the elytra are less narrowed apically, and the
epistome is truncate whereas that of G. immoderatus is rounded anteriorly.

1-8-2-3 mm.; body yellow to blackish red in colour.

Head across eyes as wide as or slightly narrower than pronotum ; frontoclypeal suture evenly
curved posteriorly ; epistome truncate anteriorly ; antennae as long as the body in male and
the last three segments not forming a club, in female antennae shorter than body and last
three segments forming a loose club. Head evenly punctured, punctures separated by one
diameter, micro-reticulated between the punctures ; setae equal in length to 2-5 times diameter
of one puncture. Pronotum with puncturation and setation as on head. Elytra less narrowed
apically than in G. immoderatus sp. n., evenly rounded to apico-sutural angle.

EAST AFRICA, CONGO.

HOLOTYPE female " Afrique orient, anglaise Foret de Nairobi Alluaud et Jeannel
Nov.-Dec. 1911 1700 St ii " (Grouvelle coll.). Other specimens seen include :
i " Benito. Congo Franc, sp. nv." ; i " Ogoove Lambarene R. Ellenberger 1911 "
i " Af. or. All. Ama.ni/'Eichelba.um/ Laemophloeus testaceus F var A ined " (Grouvelle
collection, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris) : i " Congo Beige M2
Kahuzi 87 in. 22-viii-i952. Dr. Schedl. 5.708 " ; i " Recolte dans 1'humus/
I.R.S.A.C. Mus. Congo Kivu : Terr. Uvira, Mulenga 1880-2010 m. (Vest. for.

i 7 6

L. P. LEFKOVITCH

ombroph.) -1951. N. Leleup." ; i " S/L'ecorce de Canarium Schweinfurthi/Coll.
Mus. Congo. Bas-Congo : Sanda. Courtois." ; I " Eala vii-iQ35. J. Ghesquiere " ;
i " A la lumiere I.R.S.A.C. Mus. Congo. Kivu : Terr. Masisi, 720 m Walikale (River
Loa) xi-53. N. Leleup " ; i " Elisabeth ville -11-1940 H. J. Brehdo " ; 2 " Kivu :
Buranga 5-061-1925 and 9-xii-i925. Dr. H. Schouteden " ; 3 " Yangambi, 1952.
C. Donis. 23032 (Synsepalum dulciferum Sch. and Th. : Sapotaceae) " ; Miss. H.
de Saeger, 3 (3649), i (3519). 2 (3736), i (3738), i (2601), 2 (3379) (see Appendix)
(Mus. R. Congo Beige) ; i " Uganda. Ruwenzori Range. Mahoma River 6,700 ft.
13-16. viii. 1952. D. S. Fletcher" ; i " R. E. Dent. Charia R.78oo. July, 1929 " ;
i " Ngong Forest in Boletus. Nairobi B.E. Africa 4.x. 1920. A. F. J. Gedye " ;
4 " Port St. John. Pondoland Sept. 1923. R. E. Turner " ; 3 " Belgian Congo 18 m.
sw of Elizabethville 13. xi. 1927. Dr. H. S. Evans"; 2 "Nairobi .xi.i92o";
(British Museum (Natural History)) ; 2 " Mt. Elgon O(st) A(frika) 2200 m. iv-25
leg Alinder" (Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates, Munich).

II. PLACONO7TO Macleay

(Text-fig. 5)

Placonotus Macleay, 1871.
Silvanophloeus Sharp, 1899.

Type species : Placonotus longicornis Macleay (by monotypy).

FIGS. 2-5. (2) Front and middle coxal cavities of Cannes immoderatus ; (3) dorsal view
of G. immoderatus ; (4) front and middle coxal cavities of Placonotus testaceus (F.) ;
(5) dorsal view of P. testaceus.

Scale lines : Figs. 2, 4 = 0-25 mm. ; Figs. 3, 5 = i mm.

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE 177

A redescription of this genus is given by Lefkovitch (19596). In addition to the characters
indicated there, the following should be noted : Lateral line on head formed by raised ridge ;
that of pronotum by a groove with outer margin slightly raised to form a weak ridge ; genae
normally developed ; gular sutures obsolete ; hind border of prosternal process convex poster-
iorly ; anterior coxal cavities circular ; metepisternum not contributing to mesocoxal cavity but
both mesepisternum and mesepimeron do ; posterior border of mesosternum straight ; trochantero-
femoral junctions of normal type.

The structure of the male genitalia presents points of interest in this genus. Two pairs of
claspers are present which appear to be derived from the sclerites of the tenth abdominal segment.
The tergite may be partially or completely divided along the median line to form two elongate
rods ; the sternite is always divided and articulated at its proximal end. Internally, the two
sclerites may be tuberculate posteriorly. The protrusion of these claspers gives the impression
that they are ovipositors ; several specimens labelled by their collectors as females were found
to be males with projecting claspers.

KEY TO AFRICAN SPECIES

1. Anterior angles of pronotum acute (Text-fig. 6) ...... 2

Anterior angles of pronotum rounded (Text-fig. 7) . . . . . 12

2. Black or reddish black in colour, without a lighter mark on each elytron ; epistome

truncate anteriorly ....... i. ra.vfw.vsp.ii. (p. 178)

Head and pronotum brown or yellowish in colour, or if black, then each elytron

with a lighter mark at basal third ; epistome emarginate anteriorly ... 3

3. Elytra unicolorous ............ 4

- Elytra with a lighter mark at basal third . . . . . . . 1 1

4. Smaller species (about 1-5-2 mm.) ; pronotum distinctly transverse and head punc-

tate ; elytra 2-5-3-0 times as long as their combined width .... 5

- Larger species (about 1-8-2-3 mm.) ; pronotum about as broad as long or if trans-

verse, then head impunctate ; elytra usually less than 2-5 times as long as their
combined width ........... 6

5. Epistome concave . . . . . . . . .2. dolce sp. n. (p. 178)

- Epistome convex . . . . . . . . 3. mestus sp. n. (p. 179)

i 6. Disc of head impunctate but strongly reticulate. . . 13. tnossus sp. n. (p. 187)

- Disc of head punctured ........... 7

7. Disc of head polygonally reticulate between punctures

8. donacioides (Wollaston) (p. 183)

- Disc of head smooth or with irregular groove-like markings between punctures . 8

8. Elytra rounded together posteriorly (Text-fig. 8) . . 4. majus sp. n. (p. 179)
Elytra separately rounded to apico-sutural angle, semitruncate (Text-fig. 9) . . 9

9. Ventral claspers of male weakly developed (Text-fig. 10) 6. ealaensis 1 sp. n. (p. 182)
Ventral claspers of male strongly developed . . . . . . . 10

10. Ventral claspers straight posteriorly ; dorsal claspers incompletely divided, in shape
together equivalent to a normal tenth tergite (Text-fig, n)

5. subtruncatus 1 sp. n. (p. 181)

Ventral claspers spatulate posteriorly ; dorsal claspers completely divided except
for a narrow strut anteriorly, posteriorly no broader than ventral claspers (Text-
fig. 12) ........ 7. africanus 1 sp. n. (p. 182)

n. Head and pronotum reddish brown . . . .12. exornatus (Grouvelle) (p. 186)

Head and pronotum black ..... n. decor atus (Grouvelle) (p. 186)

12. First visible abdominal sternite with femoral lines ; pronotum convex between
lateral lines ; anterior angles of pronotum not produced (Text-fig. 7)

9. politissitnus (Wollaston) (p. 183)

1 Good characters for the separation of females have not been discovered.

178 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

First visible abdominal sternite without femoral lines ; pronotum almost flat
between the lateral lines ; anterior angles of pronotum somewhat produced

10. bolivari (Grouvelle) (p. 185)

i. Placonotus tastus sp. n.

(Text-fig. 6)

2 mm. ; body reddish black in colour, elytra less black than the head and pronotum ; shining
but not brilliantly.

Head somewhat transverse, eyes large slightly in advance of base ; frontoclypeal suture with
a raised ridge anterior to the shallow groove ; epistome truncate anteriorly ; antennae as long
as body in male ; disc evenly punctured, punctures separated by a distance equal to two to
three diameters ; each puncture subtends a seta equal to about one diameter in length ; laterally
on disc the intervals between punctures micro-reticulate, medially less so ; frons punctured
just anterior to frontoclypeal suture but only reticulate just behind epistome.

Pronotum very slightly transverse and slightly narrowed basally, at its broadest slightly
narrower than head ; anterior angles acute and produced, posterior angles obtuse ; disc with
a small shallow depression on each side just anterior to the fovea included in lateral line ; disc
with puncturation and setation as on disc of head ; region between lateral line and lateral margin
with more distinct micro-reticulation than on disc.

Elytra slightly broader across shoulders than pronotum at broadest ; 2-5 times as long as
their combined width ; parallel-sided anteriorly but narrowing somewhat towards apices from
about mid-point ; third cell developed basally, with part of first cell developed at about mid-
point ; punctate striae present and complete until just before the apical region where they are
obsolete ; each elytron subtruncate apically, their combined median regions being straight ;
surface with micro-reticulation between punctures and lines.

Female unknown.

ETHIOPIA.

HOLOTYPE male " Abyssinia : Djem-Djem Forest, circa 8000 ft. 25-29. ix. 1926.
Dr. H. Scott." (British Museum (Natural History)).

This species is most clearly distinguished from other Placonotus in its colour
which is a very dark red or a slightly reddish black. In addition, the truncate
epistome is unique amongst the African species of the genus having acute anterior
angles to the pronotum.

2. Placonotus dolce sp. n.

This species can be distinguished from other Placonotus in that it is quite small,
the pronotum transverse, the ratio of length of elytra to their combined breadth is
between 2-5 and 3 and has interesting double puncturing on the discs of both the
head and the thorax.

i'5-2'O mm. ; body brownish red in colour.

Head transverse ; eyes about half a diameter in advance of base of head ; frontoclypeal suture
with a slight raised ridge anterior to deep groove ; epistome shallowly emarginate anteriorly ;
antennae about 0-75 times length of the body in male, shorter in female ; antennae of female
with last three segments slightly enlarged to form a loose club, in male these segments more
elongate than those preceding but not broadened laterally ; disc of head with punctures of
two sizes, the larger with diameter equal to slightly more than that of eye facet, the smaller
being equal to half or less than this diameter ; the larger punctures separated by a distance

A REVISION OF AFRICAN LAEMOPHLOEIN AE 179

equal to one to two diameters, each subtending a seta equal in length to two diameters ; the
smaller punctures irregularly and sparsely scattered between larger ; head without micro-
reticulation between punctures but smooth and shining.

Pronotum 1-25 times as wide as long, at its broadest slightly broader than head ; anterior
angles acute and slightly produced, posterior angles acute ; lateral margin with twelve small
teeth, those anterior being further separated from each other than those posterior ; puncturation
and setation similar to that of head ; fovea of lateral line deep.

Elytra at shoulders slightly broader than pronotum ; 2'5-3-o times as long as their combined
width, hardly narrowing apically ; not or only weakly carinate laterally ; with three cells
weakly developed but hardly visible apically and basally ; striae distinct ; each elytron separ-
ately rounded to apico-sutural angle ; without micro-reticulation between punctures.

CONGO.

HOLOTYPE male " Dans terreau, au Berlese/Kivu : Terr. Lubero, confl. Munobo
et Lubero, 1880 m. R. P. M. J. Cells ix-i954 " and allotype with the same data
(Mus. R. Congo Beige).

3. Placonotus mestus sp. n.

This species resembles P. dolce sp. n. ( differing as follows : head and pronotum with punctures
separated by once to twice their diameter, without micro-puncturation, with micro-reticulation
between punctures at least peripherally on disc ; epistome convex anteriorly ; eyes situated
very close to thorax ; elytra no broader across shoulders than pronotum, markedly narrowing
apically, clearly carinate laterally.

SIERRA LEONE, CONGO.

HOLOTYPE male and 15 paratypes " Bas-Uele : Kotell 1/21-1-1925 Dr. H.
Schouteden ". Other paratypes : i " Mongende 13-^-1921 Dr. H. Schouteden " ;
3 " Eala viii-1935 J. Ghesquiere " ; i " Katanga : Katompe i/i5-vi-i93O Dr. P.
Gerard " ; i Recolte sous ecorce d'Hevea Yangambi v-1952 J. Decelle " ; i
" Luki 5-xi-i952 R. Mayne R.M.I." ; 3 " Yangambi 1951 C. Donis 2.3-17, z.8o2
and 2.1368 " (Mus. R. Congo Beige) 12" Sierra Leone Njala 4-1-1933 E. Hargreaves.
Under bark of dead rubber " (British Museum (Natural History)).

4. Placonotus tnajus sp. n.

(Text-fig. 8)

This species resembles Placonotus tastus sp. n. but differs in that its body colour is
less dark, in the possession of the small longitudinal impressions between the

6 7 8 9 J

FIGS. 6-9. (6) Pronotum of Placonotus tastus and (7) of P. politissimus ; (8) elytral
apices of P. majus and (9) of P. subtruncatus.

Scale line = 0-25 mm.

i8o L. P. LEFKOVITCH

punctures of the disc of the head and prothorax, in the greater narrowing of the
pronotum basally in addition to the emarginate epistome.

2-o-2'5 mm. ; body ferrugineous in colour.

Head transverse ; eyes about half a diameter in advance of base ; frontoclypeal suture with
an anterior ridge and a shallow groove ; epistome emarginate anteriorly ; antennae about
0-75 times body length in males, shorter in females ; disc of head punctured, punctures smaller
than facets of eyes, separated by one to three diameters, each with a short seta equal in length to
one and a half diameters ; surface between punctures irregular, with a tendency to groove- like
impressions but otherwise shining.

Pronotum slightly broader than head, about as broad as long at its broadest, narrowed basally ;
anterior angles acute and produced, posterior angles obtuse ; puncturation and setation on
disc similar to that of disc of head ; surface micro-reticulate between lateral line and lateral
margin ; the fovea included in lateral line shallow but includes a deep puncture.

Elytra as wide as pronotum at widest, slightly more than twice as long as their combined
width, carinate laterally, disc concave between carina and suture ; almost parallel-sided until
just before apices ; apices evenly rounded to apico-sutural angle ; cells weakly developed ;
striae represented by rows of setae whose subtending punctures are very shallow.

RHODESIA, CONGO, ANGOLA, WEST AFRICA.

HOLOTYPE and 2 paratypes " N.W. Rhodesia Shigariatombwes, 8-vii-i9i3 H. C.
Dollman " (British Museum (Natural History)) ; paratypes as follows : 3 " N.W.
Rhodesia Mwengwa 27 40' E 30 S 26-^-1913 H. C. Dollman " ; i " Sierra Leone "
(British Museum (Natural History)) ; i " Angola 4194.5 Alto Chicapa, gal. forest,
riv. Ngungo, dans, tronc 27-vi-54. Ed. Luna de Carvalho " ; 2 " Angola 4116.20
Alto Cuilo, Poste de Cacolo, rives de la Cavuemba, detr. sol, 26-V-54. A. de Barros
Machado " ; 3 "Angola 411.6.17 Dundo, iii-48, piege lumineux. A. de Barros
Machado " ; i "Angola 4ii8.9-Gal. forest, riv. Lunguena, affl. Luangue, Poste
Xa-Cassau, 7~vi-54. A. de Barros Machado " ; n " Angola 10656 . 42-Marco de
Canavezes (Cubal da Ganda), district de Benguela, piege lum ; iii-56. Ed. Luna
de Carvalho " ; 3 " Angola 3158.24 Dundo, xii-53, piege lum. Ed. Luna de Car-
valho " ; 13 " Angola 4895.3 Cazombo, Alto Zambeze, sous ecorces arbres morts,
19-1-55. A. de Barros Machado " ; i " Angola 4323.23 Alto Chicapa, gal. forest,
riv. Tchirimbo, detr. sol, 9~vii-54. A. de Barros Machado " ; 2 " Angola 4117.15
Alto Cuilo, Poste de Cacolo, gal. forest, ruisseau Tcha-Muchito, 2-vi-54_ A. de
Barros Machado"; i "Angola 4742.14 Rives du Lac Calundo, sous ecorces
arbres morts, 19-1-55. A. de Barros Machado " ; 3 " Angola 4737.9 as 4742.14 ;
4 " Angola 3176. n Dundo, ix~53, piege lum. Ed. Luna de Carvalho " ; 2 " Angola
4359-3 Alto Chicapa, 7-viii-54. Ed. Luna de Carvalho " ; i " Angola 4370.36
Alto Chicapa, gal. for. riv. Tchimboma, detr. sol, 17-1-55. A. de Barros Machado " ;
i " Angola 4214.42 Alto Chicapa, gal. forest, riv. Ngungo, detr. sol, 27. vi.54. A. de
Barros Machado " ; i " Angola 3115.21 Dundo, viii-53, piege Lum. Ed. Luna de
Carvalho " (Museu do Dundo) ; 2 " Yangambi 1951 C. Donis 300, 302 " ; 3 " Luki
1951 P. Henrard 97 " ; n " Eala vii-viii-1935 J. Ghesquiere " ; 24 " Eala iii-1935
J. Ghesquiere " ; 3 " Eala x-ig^6 J. Ghesquiere " ; 2 " Kindu L. Burgeon " ;
i " Stanleyville io,-viii-i928 A. Collart " ; i " Kamajembi (Luebo) 2i-ix-i92i Dr
H. Schouteden " ; i " Malych 1942 Rev. P. Van Eyen " ; i " Katang : Kanzenge
12544 N. Leleup 12-^-1949 " ; i " Tanganyika : Moba, 780 m (a la lumiere) xi-1953

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L A EMOPHLOEIN AE

181

H. Bomans " (Mus. R. Congo Beige) ; 23 " IFAN 1953 Bafrechie (Mauritanie) 5-ix
to lo-x A. Villiers " ; 13 " IFAN 1946 Mr Nimba N.E. 500-700 m. A. Villiers " ;
2 " Irabellaben Mrs Baguezans 1200-1300 m 28~3i-viii IFAN 1947 L. Chopard,
A. Villiers " (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris).

The subtruncatus Species Group

There are three species involved in this group, P. subtruncatus sp. n., P. ealaensis
sp. n. and P. africanus sp. n. It has not been possible to separate these species on
invariable external characters but there are no difficulties in seeing the differences
between the male genitalia. Externally, the three species resemble P. tastus sp. n.
but differ from it in that the body is yellowish brown in colour and in the tendency
to longitudinal impressions on the surface of the head between the punctures.

5. Placonotus subtruncatus sp. n.

(Text-figs. 9, n)

2-o-2'5 mm.; body yellowish to reddish brown in colour.

Head transverse ; eyes a quarter to a half times their diameter in advance of base of head,
hemispherical in shape ; frontoclypeal sutural region with anterior shallow transverse impression
consisting of a ridge and a deeper groove ; epistome emarginate anteriorly ; antennae about
0-75 times body length in males, fifth to eleventh segments about twice as long as broad, in

FIGS. io--i2. Male claspers of (10) Placonotus ealaensis, (n) P. subtruncatus and (12)
P. africanus.

Scale line = 0-25 mm.

ENTOM. 12, 4. 13

i8a L. P. LEFKOVITCH

females antennae about 0-6 times body length, fifth and subsequent segments about i'5-2-o
times as long as broad ; in both sexes, last three segments slightly dilated, more distinctly
so in female ; disc of head punctured, the punctures slightly smaller than facets of eyes, separated
by once to three times their diameter, each with a fine seta equal to 1-5 times this diameter in
length ; surface between punctures polygonally reticulate but generally shining.

Pronotum slightly broader than head (including the eyes), very slightly broader than long at
its broadest, narrowed basally ; anterior angles acute and produced, posterior angles obtuse ;
disc ornamented similarly to disc of head ; fovea included in lateral line encroaches upon disc,
moderately deep and often includes a deep puncture and blackish mark.

Elytra slightly broader than pronotum, broadest just anterior to mid-point, about 2-25 times
as long as their combined width, abruptly deflected laterally but not carinate at fold ; each
elytron separately and abruptly rounded to apico-sutural angle ; cells weakly developed,
strial punctures shallow.

Ventral claspers of male genitalia straight posteriorly with three irregular dorsal rows of small
tubercles posteriorly, in shape resembling a coal hammer ; dorsal claspers not completely divided
in mid-line, less strongly chitinized medially than laterally, together of shape appropriate to
a normal tenth tergite, ventral surface with four irregular rows of tubercles posteriorly ; both
dorsal and ventral claspers in length equal to fifth externally visible abdominal sternite.

CONGO, WEST AFRICA.

HOLOTYPE male and 8 paratypes : " Nioka xii-53. P. Deville Pap. 49 " ; other
paratypes as follows : 4 as holotype but dated 26-xii-53 and Pap 47, i with Pap. 46,
i dated 28-xii~53 and Pap. 68 ; i " Katanga. Katompe 1/15-^1-1930 Dr. P. Gerard "
(Mus. R. Congo Beige) : 2 " IFAN 1946 Tonkoui C.I. 900-1200 m. A. Villiers
Foret Prim. 20/30-ix " (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris).

6. Placonotus ealaensis sp. n.

(Text-fig. 10)

This species appears to be identical with P. subtruncatus sp. n. except in the struc-
ture of the male genitalia.

Dorsal claspers similar to those of P. subtruncatus but less evenly rounded externally ; ventral
claspers hardly developed, being a thin rod on each side apparently fused posteriorly with the
external angles of the dorsal claspers.

CONGO.

HOLOTYPE and i paratype (males) : " Eala viii-1935 J. Ghesquiere " (Mus. R.
Congo Beige).

7. Placonotus africanus sp. n.

As P. subtruncatus sp. n. except that the surface between the punctures is very weakly, if at
all, polygonally reticulate and also differs in the structure of the male claspers :

Dorsal claspers completely divided medially except, apparently, for a thin transverse strut
anteriorly, narrowed posteriorly where no wider than ventral claspers ; tubercles on dorsal
claspers arranged in two groups, one irregular row running forwards along the lateral, margin
from posterior region until just before anterior margin ; other tubercles about twenty in number
situated in a group antero-medially ; ventral claspers spatulate posteriorly, situated latero-
ventrally, bearing about twenty-five long spines internally.

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE 183

CONGO, ANGOLA.

HOLOTYPE male " Katanga : Kanzenze (a meme 1'argile sous bois pourri) 12544
N. Leleup i2-ii-49 " ; paratypes as follows : i " Katanga : Kansenze 22-xi-i948
12625 N. Leleup " ; i " Recolte dans 1'humus. Distr. Elisabethville Gal. for. de la
Kisanga 26-ix-5i N. Leleup " ; 4 "Elisabethville 6-x-igi2 Miss. Agric." ; i
" S/Bois divers Kasai : Kakenge Seierie Exforka 1-1945. J. Vrydagh " ; 10 " Eala
iii-1935 J. Ghesquiere 376 " (Mus. R. Congo Beige) ; 18 " N.W. Rhodesia Shigaria-
tombwes 8-vii-igi^ H. C. Dollman " ; i " Angola 3176.11 Dundo, ix-53, piege
lum. Ed. Luna de Carvalho " ; 2 " Angola 4117.15 Alto Cuilo, Poste de Cacalo,
gal. forest ruisseau Tcha-Muchito, 2-vi-54. A. de Barros Machado " ; i " Angola
4119.3 Alto Cuilo (Cacalo), vi-54. A. de Barros Machado et Ed. Luna de Carvalho ";
i "Angola 4373.9 Rives du Lac Calundo, sous ecorces arbres morts, 19-1-55.
A. de Barros Machado " ; i " Angola 4895.3 Cazombo, Alto Zambeze, sous ecorces
arbres morts 12-11-55, Ed. Luna de Carvalho " ; i " 18 m. S.W. of Elizabethville
3i-x-i927 Dr. H. S. Evans " (British Museum (Natural History)).

8. Placonotus donacioides (Wollaston) comb. n.

Laemophloeus donacioides Wollaston, 1854.
Laemophloeus granulatus Wollaston, 1854, syn. n.

Head very slightly transverse in males, as broad as long in females ; epistome shallowly
emarginate anteriorly ; lateral line represented by raised ridge and an internal groove which
includes a weakly impressed line ; surface punctured, punctures slightly larger than the facets
of eyes, separated by once to twice their diameter ; surface between punctures polygonally
reticulate.

Pronotum about as broad as long, narrowed both anteriorly and posteriorly ; anterior angles
acute and produced, posterior angles obtuse ; lateral line and surface ornamentation as that
of head.

Elytra with three cells developed, secondary intervals about half the width of cells ; strial
punctures almost invisible.

MADEIRA, CANARIES.

There are 2 specimens without data labelled as types by G. Arrow in the Wollaston
collection (British Museum). I select the male as lectotype of the species.

There are also two syntypes without data of Laemophloeus granulatus in the same
collection. I select a male as lectotype. This species is quite clearly just a small
form of P. donacioides.

9. Placonotus politissimus (Wollaston) comb. n.

Laemophloeus politissimus Wollaston, 1867.

Laemophloeus (Silvanophloeus] mirus Grouvelle, 1905, syn. n.

This species, when described by Grouvelle, was considered to be very simila; to
Laemophloeus nitens Leconte (this American species properly belongs to Placonotus
and is now placed in that genus comb. n.). The two species were distinguished by
the presence of femoral lines on the first visible sternite of the abdomen of P.
Politissimus. In addition it has been found that no other species of the genus from

184 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

Africa possesses femoral lines and thus this feature serves as an adequate distinguish-
ing character.

i'5-2-o mm.; body yellow to reddish brown in colour.

Head transverse ; eyes large and situated close to base ; frontoclypeal suture with shallow
groove and without raised ridge anteriorly ; epistome emarginate anteriorly ; antennae about
three-quarters length of body in males, somewhat shorter in females, distal three segments very
slightly dilated in males, a little more so in females ; disc of head very evenly punctured, punc-
tures separated by about two to four diameters, each puncture with a seta about 1-5 diameters
in length ; intervals between punctures smooth and shining.

Pronotum transverse, about 1-25 times as wide as long, slightly broader than head ; broadest
across anterior third ; anterior angles obtuse and rounded, posterior angles rectangular to
slightly obtuse ; puncturation and setation as on head ; fovea of the lateral line apparently
formed by fusion of three large shallow punctures.

Elytra broader across shoulders than pronotum at its widest, broadening slightly before mid-
point and then narrowing towards apices, each evenly rounded to apico-sutural angle ; at their
extreme length, between suture and external angle, elytra about twice as long as their combined
width ; only the third cell is developed basally together with part of the first near mid-point
and close to suture ; each elytron with inflected lateral region but not carinate ; striae with
punctures considerably larger than those of head and pronotum.

The species exhibits marked heterogony in the adult structure in addition to some variation
in size and puncturation.

Atlantic islands off AFRICA, CONGO, IVORY COAST, MADAGASCAR, SEYCHELLES.

There are eleven specimens in the Wollaston Cape Verde collection in the British
Museum and two further specimens with a /? written on the card standing in the
position indicated by the species name. One of the eleven has a British Museum
type label and a second label with " politissimus, Woll " in Wollaston's handwriting.
In his original description Wollaston writes that the species was taken " in pro-
fusion " ; it would seem likely that these eleven specimens are all, or at least some,
of the syntypes. I now select the labelled specimen, a male, to be lectotype. Of
the remaining specimens, ten are the same species ; the specimens labelled j8 on
the card are Cryptolestes capensis (Waltl). Wollaston, in discussing Laemophloeus
clavicollis Woll. immediately after describing L. politissimus, refers to a var. ft
affmis" and since L. clavicollis is C. capensis (see p. 235), I presume that these two
specimens are misplaced in the collection and are not to be considered as syntypes of
L. politissimus.

Grouvelle, in his original description of Laemophloeus mirus gave the following
type localities : " Fort-Dauphin (coll. Alluaud) ; localite incertain (coll. A. Grou-
velle) ; St-Thome (coll. A. Grouvelle) ". In the Grouvelle collection in Paris,
there are the following specimens of the species; one "Madagascar [mss] /Type
[black printed on white] /Laemophloeus mirus Grouv. ty [in Grouvelle's mss]/
Type [black printed on red] " ; one " Madagascar (Sud) Foret Nord Ft. Dauphin
Alluaud 1900 [printed] 17 [mss] ". In addition there are six specimens from
Amani and one from the Cape of Good Hope which are obviously not syntypes.
I have not located a specimen from St. Thome in the Grouvelle collection either
named as this species or unnamed but referable to it. I consider that the two
specimens of the species whose detailed data are given above are syntypes and
I now select the specimen v\hich bears Gruovelle's mss label as lectotype. The

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE 185

other specimen is the same species. It is quite clearly the same species as P.
politissimus.

The author has seen specimens of the species from the following places : Yangambi,
1951 (C. Donis), Lubilonga, ii-52 (M de Backer), Luki, vii.42 (R. Mayne), Luki,
1951 (P. Henrard), Elizabeth ville, ii.i94O (H. J. Bredo), Kunungu, 9.^.1921 (Dr.
H. Schouteden), Eala, ix.i938 (J. Ghesquiere). Elizabethville a la lumiere,
xi.5o/vi.5i (Ch. Seydel), Mobeka, i6.iii.i9ii (L. Burgeon) all within the Congo;
i " Madagascar Namoroka xi-52 R. P(aulian) " ; i " Seychelle Islands Percy Sladen
Trust Expedition/Mahe 1908-9 " ; i " Madagascar (Sud) Fore'ts Nord Ft. Dauphin
Alluaud 1900 (17) " ; i " Haut Cote d'lvoire, Danaue (Fort Hittos) A. Chevalier
1910, Avril " ; i " Madagascar Perrier ".

10. Placonotus bolivari (Grouvelle) comb. n.

Laemophloeus bolivari Grouvelle, 1905.

1-75-2-25 mm. ; body shining, yellowish red in colour, elytra much more yellow and almost
transparent.

Head very transverse, about twice as broad as long ; eyes situated in advance of base ;
head turning abruptly medially just anterior to antennae and anteriorly again at lateral end
of frontoclypeal suture ; suture evenly rounded ; epistome truncate ; antennae as long as or
slightly longer than body in males, about 0-75 times length of body in females ; scape robust and
about equal in length to second and third segments combined in males, somewhat shorter in
females ; distal segment slightly curved in male, straight in the female, in female last three segments
slightly enlarged forming a loose club ; disc of head regularly punctured with irregularly shaped
small punctures, punctures separated by a distance equal to two eye facets, each with a very
short seta ; intervals between punctures rather shining and with very fine micro-punctures.

Pronotum very slightly broader than head at its broadest, 1-2 times as broad as long, broadest
at about anterior quarter ; anterior angles ventral in position since anterior half of region between
lateral line and lateral margin inflected ventrally ; angles obtuse and slightly produced ventrally,
posterior angles rectangular or very slightly produced ; lateral line consisting of a groove,
expanding from about the mid-point to a maximum at included deep puncture, narrowing
towards basal fifth ; secondary raised line present basally between primary line and lateral
margin ; disc with puncturation and setation as on the disc of head.

Elytra about twice as long as their combined maximum width which is at about their mid-
point, there broader than pronotum, narrowing slightly until external apical angles, then turning
more or less abruptly to sutural angle ; thus each elytron subtruncate ; cells not developed ;
striae distinct ; elytra apparently glabrous except for a few larger setae apically ; abdomen
only slightly exposed dorsally.

EAST and WEST AFRICA, CONGO.

HOLOTYPE " Biafra Cabo S. Juan viii-igoi Escalera/Type/i5/L. Bolivari Grouv.
ty." (Grouvelle coll). There are eight other specimens standing next to the type
of this species all collected in S. Thome, their data labels being written in differently
coloured inks suggesting that they were acquired by Grouvelle at different times.
The specimen collected by Escalera is the only one to bear the word type in Grou-
velle' s handwriting although three of the others have a printed label with the word
type in addition to the locality label. I do not accept the S. Thome specimens as
syn types and consider that the Escalera specimen is the holotype. Other specimens
seen include 2 " Luki 1950 R23o6 Com. et Bois Coll. R. Mayne " ; 4 " Yangambi,

i86 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

1951 C. Donis 2.304, 321, 323, and 326 Coll. R. Mayne Com. et Bois Congo R. 2326" ;
i " Haut-Uele : Moto x-xi-ig23 L. Burgeon " ; i " Mayumbe. Pulu-Banzi ly-ii-
1924 A. Collar! " ; i " Ubangi : Gemena 3-1-1936 C. Leontovitch " ; 2 " Yan-
gambi 3-vii-i952 Dr. Schedl 8.295 " (Mus. R. Congo Beige) ; 2 " St. Thome " ;
i " Ed. Luga Kondie Congo Beige " (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris).

11. Placonotus decor atus (Grouvelle) comb. n.
Laemophloeus decoratus Grouvelle, 1908.

This and the next species are the most distinct of African Laemophloeinae and
certainly the most distinct Placonotus. P. exornatus (see below) differs in having
the head, pronotum and the greater part of the elytra brown and not black as P.
decoratus.

Since Grouvelle's description is quite adequate, the species will not be fully
redescribed.

i'75-2'3 mm.; body shining ; mouthparts, basal segments of antennae, tibiae and tarsi
dark brown ; femora, head, pronotum and the greater portion of each elytron black ; elytra
otherwise yellow in a region at anterior third from about second or third strial interval to lateral
margin. Elytra truncate, external apical angle being somewhat more distinct than usual ;
last segment of abdomen almost entirely exposed dorsal! y ; in male paired accessory structures
of genitalia often exposed.

The lectotype, which I now select, is in the Grouvelle collection in Paris and bears
the following data : " Af. or All Ama.mj'Richelba.uni /Type/ Laemophloeus decoratus
sp. nv. Grouv." The other syntype in the same collection bears identical data
except that it does not bear the name of the species in Grouvelle's handwriting.

SOUTH AFRICA, CONGO, KENYA.

The author has seen specimens as follows : 2 " E. Cape Prov., Katberg 4000 ft.
xii-1932 R. E. Turner " ; i " E. Cape Prov., Katberg 4000 ft. 13-15.^1-1933 R. E.
Turner " (British Museum (Natural History)) ; 23 " Ruanda : Kayove 2000 m.
terr. Kisenyi P. Basilewsky 14-^-1953 " ; i " Manyema 1918 Sibatwa Kilengwe
Dr. Gerard " ; i " Foret de bambous et Podocarpus Kenya : Elgon, Vers. Est.
2500 m. (dans humus) N. Leleup 4~xii-i953 " ; 2 " Nioka xii - 1953 F. Deville Pap.
49/Com. et Bois Congo R. 2507 " (Mus. R. Congo Beige) ; i " O A Nandi Reservat
leg. Alinder " (Munich).

12. Placonotus exornatus (Grouvelle) comb. n.

Laemophloeus (Silvanophloeus] exornatus Grouvelle, 1908.

It has not been possible to find any external difference between this and the
previous species except in their colour ; it is therefore possible to confuse immature
P. decoratus with P. exornatus. This difference in colour may indicate that the
two species are not really distinct since P. exornatus is only known to the writer
by two specimens. It may be possible to show that the two species are in fact
synonymous if P. decoratus is found together with P. exornatus in South Africa
and the specimens of P. exornatus are kept alive and observed to see whether they

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE 187

change colour with time. A similar colour difference between two species of other-
wise identical Cryptolestes was found to reflect a specific difference (Lefkovitch,
19590).

SOUTH AFRICA.

Grouvelle's original description was based upon a single male bearing the following
data : "C. B. Ep. Donkis/Port Alfred/I,, exornatus ty. Grouv." The author has
seen a second specimen with the following data : " Port St. John Pondoland Nov.
1923/5. Africa R. E. Turner " (British Museum (Natural History)).

13. Placonotus mossus sp. n.

This species most resembles P. donacioides (Woll.) in that the nature of the micro-
sculpture on the head and pronotum and the consequent dull appearance distinguish
these two species from other Placonotus. These two species can be distinguished
easily in that P. donacioides is relatively longer in its build and possesses punctures
on its head in addition to the reticulation.

1-8 mm.; head and pronotum reddish brown, rather dull, elytra yellow and transparent.

Head transverse ; eyes situated about half a diameter in advance of base ; epistome shallowly
emarginate ; frontoclypeal suture with a groove the anterior margin of which is raised slightly,
evenly rounded posteriorly ; antennae in male with segments longer than broad, becoming
progressively longer after third ; scape the most robust segment ; antennae in total length just
reaching apices of elytra ; disc of head impunctate but strongly reticulate into polygonal areas,
three of these areas being slightly greater in area than an eye facet ; without setae on disc.

Pronotum distinctly transverse, about 1-25 times as broad as long ; broadest at about mid-
point ; distinctly broader than head ; distance between anterior angles only just perceptibly
greater than that between posterior angles ; anterior angles acute and projecting, lateral margin
just posterior to them evenly sinuate, not abruptly so as in most Placonotus ; posterior angles
obtuse ; lateral line expanded somewhat just behind mid-point to accommodate the deep
puncture or fovea ; surface of disc otherwise impunctate but reticulate as on head ; glabrous.

Elytra broadest at anterior third, there as broad as pronotum ; narrowing from this region to
apices, each elytron separately rounded to apico-sutural angle ; elytra just twice as long as their
combined width ; three cells present basally, outer margin of third continues further posteriorly
than others ; striae more or less visible, apparently without setae. Legs somewhat shorter than
is usual for the genus.

Female unknown.

CONGO.

HOLOTYPE male " Yangambi 1952 C. Donis z.2gj8 Com. et Bois Congo R.244O "
(Mus. R. Congo Beige).

III. XYLOLESTES gen. n.

Type species : Laemophloeus unicolor Grouvelle.

This genus is most closely related to Xylophloeus gen. n. which is described below.
It resembles some species of that genus more closely than others, especially Xylo-
phloeus patens (Grouvelle). The key to genera and the table on p. 190 outline the
most important differences.

I *5~ 2 '5 mm.; body moderately flattened.

Head distinctly transverse ; eyes situated about half their diameter in advance of base,
occupying slightly more than one-third of lateral margin ; antennae inserted at about front

i88 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

corners of head and equal to half body length ; with last three segments more transverse and
enlarged to form a distinct club ; epistome apparently straight but in fact with three shallow
emarginations ; lateral line represented by a groove on each side, joined anteriorly by a trans-
verse groove situated just behind epistome ; frontoclypeal suture obsolete ; labrum parallel-
sided and truncate to distinctly emarginate anteriorly.

Pronotum transverse, with rounded anterior and obtuse posterior angles ; lateral line repre-
sented by a distinct groove ; basally a slight ridge and a shallow groove running laterally from
lateral line to hind angle ; lateral lines joined anteriorly but not posteriorly by a groove.

Scutellum triangular with rounded angles ; elytra normally covering whole abdomen ; the
three cells clearly denned, posterior border of first and borders of third much more clearly
denned than others which may be obsolescent ; each elytron distinctly carinate laterally, the
carina lying close to outer margin of third cell after basal third.

Genae normal ; gular sutures distinct ; anterior coxal cavities narrowly open posteriorly, with
distinct lateral extension ; intercoxal process of the prosternum slightly concave posteriorly ;
mesepimeron only just reaching mesocoxal cavities ; posterior margin of mesosternum slightly
concave ; metasternum about equal in length to first and second visible abdominal sternites
combined (Text-fig. 13) ; median metasternal line not reaching the anterior margin of sclerite ;
first visible abdominal sternite about 1-5 times as long as second, second to fifth about equal to
each other ; legs subequal ; trochantero-femoral junctions of normal type ; tarsal formula
5-5-5 (in both sexes).

Xylolestes unicolor (Grouvelle) comb. n.

(Text-fig. 14)
Laemophloeus unicolor Grouvelle, 1908.

This species was described by Grouvelle only in his key, to which the above
reference relates, as " unicolor Grouv. Afrique or. all." Fortunately, it can be
recognized as a distinct and not uncommon species in Africa. The species is re-
described below.

i'5~2'75 mm.; body reddish brown in colour, elytra more yellow than head and pronotum,
tarsi and antennal club yellow.

Head transverse, trapezoidal in shape ; antennae just reaching basal quarter of elytra, fourth
to eighth segments as wide as long, segments one to three more elongate, at most twice as long as
wide ; last three segments about 1-5 times as broad as eighth and except for last segment,
i '5 times as long as eighth ; last segment about twice as long as broad and shaped rather like
an egg ; disc of head irregularly punctured with irregularly shaped punctures, these smallest
and most nearly circular near mid-line, largest half-way between mid-line and lateral line ;
the largest punctures somewhat larger in diameter than facets of eyes ; surface of head shining
between punctures ; with sparse, very fine setae which are often not easily visible.

Pronotum twice as wide as long, broadest in front of middle where thorax I-I-I-25 times as
wide as head across and including eyes ; anterior angles rounded, posterior obtuse ; punctura-
tion on disc finer than on head ; setation as on head.

Elytra across shoulders as broad or broader than pronotum, slightly more than twice as long
as their combined width, roughly oval in shape ; broadest at about anterior third, there about
1-25 times as broad as pronotum ; thinner darker areas of elytra are arranged in rows and prob-
ably represent striae ; apparently glabrous.

There are two syntypes of this species in the Grouvelle collection, one with data
"Zanzibar Raffray /Laemophloeus unicolor Grouv ty " and the other " Af.or. All.
Amani/Eichelbaum/Type [mss] " and a Paris museum type label. I now select
the first of these specimens to be lectotype.

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE

189

EAST and WEST AFRICA, CONGO, ANGOLA.

I have examined the following specimens of the species : i " Nioka 2y-ii-54
F. Deville Pap. 57 R.25oy " ; i " Yangambi, 1951 z.26i R. 2333 " ; 7 " Coquil-
hatville 27~viii-i93O J. Vrydagh " ; 2 " Eala vii-ig35 J. Ghesquiere " ; 2 " Poto-
pot pres Dima 4~ix-i93o G. F. de Witte " ; 2 " Ituri : La Moto : Madyu L.
Burgeon " ; i " Equateur : Flandria xi-i929 R. P. Hulstaert " ; i " Haut Uele,
Walsa, xi-igig L. Burgeon " ; i " Recolte dans 1'humus/Kivu : T. Fizi, Bas
Itombwe 1000 m. (Gal. for. Mukera) N. Leleup ii-52 " ; i " Kwamouth vi-i92i
Dr. H. Schouteden " ; i " Isangi 1929 J. Walkiers " ; i " Lulua ; Kapanga vii-
1932 G. F. Overlaet " Miss. H. de Saeger : i (2062) ; i (2115) ; i (3563) ; i (3744)
(see Appendix) (Mus. R. Congo Beige), i " Angola 1253.11.2. Dundo, galerie fores-
tiere Luachimo, sous ecorces arbres tombes, xii-48 A. de Barros Machado " (British
Museum (Natural History)) ; 22 " IFAN-I946 Tonkui C.I. 900-1200 m. A. Villiers " ;
i " Amani " ; i " Cote d'lvoire Bimbroko " ; i " S. Thome (Museum National
d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris).

IV. XYLOPHLOEUS gen. n.

Type species : Laemophloeus patens Grouvelle.

This genus resembles the previous in several ways ; it can be distinguished by
the characters given in the key to genera on p. 172 but especially by those given in
the tabulated comparison with Xylolestes (p. 190).

FIGS. 13-18. (13) Front and middle coxal cavities of Xylolestes unicolor ; (14) dorsal view
of X. unicolor ; (15) front and middle coxal cavities of Xylophloeus patens ; (16)
pronotum of X. bimaculatus and (17) of X. unifasciatus ; (18) dorsal view of X. patens.
Scale lines : Figs. 13, 15 = 0-25 mm. ; Figs. 14, 16, 17, 18 = i mm.

i go

L. P. LEFKOVITCH

2 -5 mm.; body moderately flattened.

Head transverse and rectangular in its general appearance ; lateral lines distinct and forming
part of dorsal margin of eye, joined anteriorly just behind epistome by an almost straight ridge ;
epistome with three emarginations ; antennae inserted just behind front corners of head, their
segments (except for scape and pedicel) slightly transverse, last three forming a loose club ;
frontoclypeal suture obsolete although depressions corresponding with this and with median
line can be seen if the incident light is at the correct angle ; eyes situated in advance of base of
head ; labrum rounded anteriorly.

Pronotum transverse, somewhat cordiform ; anterior and posterior angles acute ; lateral line
represented by a ridge raised above the general surface ; internal to lateral line often a row of
small punctures situated very close to lateral line, somewhat more distinct behind mid-point ;
externally to lateral line a shallow circular fovea situated at about mid-point, diameter of
which about equal to distance separating line from margin.

Scutellum triangular, slightly transverse ; elytra with three cells developed although lateral
margin of third obsolescent just after base ; no lateral carina present but lateral region evenly
deflected ventrally from inner border of third cell.

Genae normal ; gular sutures distinct ; anterior coxal cavities slightly open posteriorly ;
anterior coxae spherical and well separated ; intercoxal process of prosternum straight posteri-
orly ; metepimeron not contributing to mesocoxal cavity but mesepisternum and mesepimeron
contribute equally, forming together about one-third of circumference of cavity (Text-fig. 15) ;
metasternum equal in length to first two visible abdominal sternites ; first abdominal sternite
twice as long as second, its intercoxal process straight anteriorly ; second sternite slightly longer
than either third or fourth, the fifth about equal to or slightly longer than second.

Legs subequal ; trochantero-fe moral junctions of normal type ; tarsal formula 5-5-5 in
female, 5-5-4 in male.

Xylolestes gen. n.

Lateral lines of head represented by groove,
joined anteriorly by a transverse groove

Epistome apparently straight but with three
shallow emarginations

Antennae inserted at front corners of head

Labrum parallel-sided, truncate to distinctly

emarginate anteriorly
Prothorax with rounded anterior and

posterior angles
Lateral line of pronotum represented by a

groove

Each elytron carinate laterally
Intercoxal process of prosternum concave

posteriorly
Mesepimeron just reaching middle coxal

cavities

Xylophloeus gen. n.

Lateral lines of head represented by ridges,

joined anteriorly by a transverse ridge.
Epistome with three distinct emarginations.

Antennae inserted behind front corners of

head.
Labrum rounded anteriorly.

Prothorax with acute anterior and posterior

angles.
Lateral line of pronotum represented by a

ridge.

Elytra not carinate laterally.
Intercoxal process of prosternum straight

posteriorly.
Mesepimeron and mesepisternum contribute

equally to middle coxal cavities.

KEY TO SPECIES

Pronotum at widest as wide as elytra at shoulders ...... 2

Pronotum at widest narrower than elytra at shoulders ..... 4

Pronotum hardly broader than long (i-i times) ; disc of pronotum convex

2. mimosae sp. n. (p. 192)

Pronotum transverse (i'3-i5 times as broad as long) ; disc of pronotum flat . 3

Pronotum unicolorous yellow ; elytra coloured as pronotum i. patens (Grouvelle) (p. 191)

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE 191

- Pronotum darker in colour on disc between lateral lines than outside ; elytra with dark

markings 7- dentatus sp. n. (p. 194)

4. Pronotum entirely black 3. chrysomeloid.es sp. n. (p. 192)

- Pronotum red or yellow, at least in part ........ 5

5. Elytra black but for the humeral angles which are dark red in colour

4. elgonensis sp. n. (p. 193)

- Elytra entirely yellow or with a dark maculation on each .... 6

6. Hind angles of pronotum slightly acute ; disc of pronotum almost black ; distance

between hind angles of pronotum equal to or slightly more than that between the
front angles (Text-fig. 16) 6. bimaculatus sp. n. (p. 193)

- Hind angles of pronotum obtuse ; disc of pronotum hardly if at all darker than the

lateral region ; pronotum narrower between the hind angles than between the
front angles (Text-fig. 17) 5. unifasciatus sp. n. (p. 193)

i. Xylophloeus patens (Grouvelle) comb. n.

(Text-fig. 15)
Laemophloeus patens Grouvelle, 1908.

2-O-2-25 mm.; yellowish brown in colour, elytra almost transparent.

Head with front region at slightly lower level than rest (? frons) ; lateral line formed by
ridge and groove ; secondary line present behind eye ; antennae reaching to basal third of
elytra, third segment slightly elongate ; disc evenly punctured, punctures equal to or slightly
smaller than facet of eye, separated by one to three diameters, with fine setae about equal to
three diameters in length.

Pronotum 1-7 times as wide as long at maximum width, which varies from about mid-point
to just behind anterior angles ; at maximum width prothorax very slightly broader than head ;
lateral lines formed by slightly raised ridge, occasionally not joined by transverse line posteriorly ;
anterior angles produced further anteriorly than greater part of anterior margin of pronotum,
acute in shape but extreme apices rounded ; posterior angles sharp and acute-angled ; punctura-
tion and setation on disc similar to that on disc of head.

Elytra of maximum width at about basal third, there 1-25 times as broad as pronotum ;
slightly less than twice as long as their combined width ; punctured striae present but elytra
apparently glabrous.

SOUTH and EAST AFRICA, CONGO.

There are 2 syntypes of the species in the Grouvelle collection ; I select as lecto-
type a male which bears the following data : " Af. or. All Amani/Eichelbaum/Type/
3g / 'Laemophloeus patens n.s. ty. Grouv." The data of the paralectotype are " Af.
or. All. Amani/Eichelbaum/Type [mss] " and a Paris museum type label.

I have also examined the specimens whose data are given below 13" Zululand :
Eshowe. 6-3I-V-I926 S. Africa R. E. Turner " ; 9 " Port St. John, Pondoland.
Sept 1923 S. Africa R. E. Turner" ; i " Natal, near Durban (Virgin bush), 10-
i8.xii.i904 " ; i " Malvern, Natal G. A. K. Marshall viii-iSgy " (British Museum
(Natural History)) ; i " Fort de transition/Tanganyika Terr : Uluguru Mts.,
val. Ullulu-Ndogo, 1500 m. 8-V-I957 /Mission Zoolog. I.R.S.A.C. en Afrique orientale
(P. Basilewsky et N. Leleup) " ; i " Foret de montagne/Tanganyika en Afrique
orientale (P. Basilewsky et N. Leleup) " ; 2 " Tanganyika Terr : Mt. Oldeani, Versant
Est, for. bamb. 2350-2500 m. 6/9~vi-57/P. Basilewsky et N. Leleup " ; i " For.
montange/Kivu : Terr. Kabare, S.E. Kahuzi, 2080/2200 m. N. Leleup viii-i95i " ;

192 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

i " Recolte dans 1'humus/Kivu : Terr. Uvira, Mulenge 1880-2010 m. (Vest, foret
ombroph.) v-i95i N. Leleup " (Mus. R. Congo Beige).

2. Xylophloeus mimosae sp. n.

3-0-4-0 mm.; body rather shining.

Head 1-5 times as wide across eyes than long ; eyes situated one diameter in advance of base,
their mid-points equidistant from base and antennal insertions ; lateral line formed by raised
ridge ; secondary line present posterior to eye ; median line visible as a shadow when viewed
with lateral illumination ; punctures on disc about equal to 1-25 times diameter of eye facet ;
separated by 2-4 times diameter of puncture, each with seta about equal to two diameters
in length ; surface of head between punctures with short impressed lines inclined at an angle to
median line and parallel with each other on each side, about equal to two punctures in length ;
surface of head between punctures and lines otherwise shining.

Pronotum 1-1-1-2 times as wide as long, slightly broader than head, narrowing basally ;
front angles acute, hind angles acute and projecting ; lateral line formed by raised ridge ;
lateral margin weakly toothed at posterior border of fovea ; puncturation, setation and surface
of disc as on head.

Elytra broadest at about middle, there nearly twice as wide as pronotum, about 1-75 times as
long as their combined width ; each elytron with internal margin of first cell visible apically,
separated by striae from the basally visible internal margin of third cell ; each strial puncture
with a short seta.

ETHIOPIA.

HOLOTYPE and 4 paratypes (i partially dissected) : " Under bark of decaying
Mimosa/Djem-Djem Forest nearly 9,000 ft. i-x-i926 Dr. H. Scott " (British Museum
(Natural History)).

3. Xylophloeus chrysomeloides sp. n.

2-5 mm.; trophi, epistomal region of the head, first two and base of third antennal segments
reddish in colour ; remainder of head, pronotum and antennae black, antennae with yellow
setae ; elytra yellow but for suture, interstices adjacent to fifth stria and lateral inflected margin
brown in colour ; striae somewhat darker than interstices ; pygidium brown ; general surface
rather dull.

Head 1-5 times as wide as long ; lateral line formed by raised ridge with adjacent row of
closely applied punctures ; secondary line present posterior to eye ; punctures on disc about
equal to eye facet in size, slightly smaller behind epistomal ridge, separated by one to three
diameters ; surface of head strongly reticulate between punctures.

Pronotum 1-25 times as wide as head, broadest at about anterior third ; lateral line formed
by a broad, raised ridge and a closely approximated row of punctures, just turning towards
centre anteriorly before disappearing and therefore not meeting its fellow behind anterior
margin of sclerite ; disc punctured as on head and with a similar reticulation ; surface between
lateral line and lateral margin reticulate and with few punctures ; lateral margin without a
tooth near the obsolescent fovea ; just before base of disc two very shallow foveae, their centres
equidistant from lateral line and lateral margin.

Elytra broadest at mid-point, there about 1-75 times as broad as pronotum ; about 1-8 times
as long as their combined width ; punctured striae somewhat depressed below general level
of elytra, each puncture with a seta ; surface with longitudinal reticulations between striae,
almost micro-rugose ; pygidium coarsely and closely punctured, with long setae.

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE 193

CONGO.

HOLOTYPE female " Recolte dans 1'humus/I.R.S.A.C. Kivu : Terr. Unira, Lubuka
2780 m. (for. bamb.) 4-xi-5i N. Leleup " (Mus. R. Congo Beige).
Male unkown.

4. Xylophloeus elgonensis sp. n.

This species resembles X. mimosae sp. n. but differs in the following particulars : head,
antennae, apical and basal regions of pronotum, scutellum, humeral angles of elytra and legs
red in colour ; middle region of pronotum, remainder of elytra and pygidium black ; impressed
lines between the punctures on discs of head and pronotum more dense and slightly deeper ;
elytra across shoulders 1-3 times as broad as pronotum at its broadest.

KENYA.

HOLOTYPE " Dans feuilles mortes de bambous I.R.S.A.C. Mus. Congo Kenya :
Elgon, Vers. Est. 300 m. n-xii-1953 N. Leleup " (Mus. R. Congo Beige).

5. Xylophloeus unifasciatus sp. n.

(Text-fig. 17)

This species resembles X. elgonensis sp. n. very closely in its general shape and differs only in
its coloration which is as follows : bases of elytra (except along the suture), apices of elytra
and legs yellowish, body otherwise red.

EAST AFRICA, CONGO.

HOLOTYPE male " Africa or. Katona/ Kilimanjaro x-igo4 " (Termeszettudo-
manyi Muzeum, Budapest) ; paratypes : i " Kivu : Tshibinda xi-1932 L. Burgeon ";
i " Recolte dans 1'humus/Kivu : T. Kalehe, 2200 m. Contref. S.O. Kahuzi (fore't
de bambous) viii-i95i. N. Leleup " ; i " Kivu : Terr. Uvira, Lubuka 2180 m.
(marecage) 3~ix-i95i. N. Leleup " (Mus. R. Congo Beige).

6. Xylophloeus bimaculatus sp. n.

(Text-fig. 16)

3-4 mm.; disc of head and pronotum, middle of each elytron black in colour, remainder of
body yellow ; shining and almost glabrous.

Head only slightly broader than long ; antennae with all segments elongate, pedicel shortest ;
lateral line formed by raised ridge and internal punctured groove ; secondary line present behind
eye ; disc punctured, punctures somewhat larger than an eye facet, but somewhat smaller
peripherally ; surface of head otherwise smooth and shining except for a few minute punctures
between the larger ones.

Pronotum at widest 1-5 times as broad as head, broadest at basal third where lateral margin
sinuate ; anterior angles produced, acute but apically rounded ; posterior angles slightly acute ;
lateral line formed by ridge and internal punctured groove ; a deep fovea present in sublateral
region ; disc with punctures as on head ; punctures of explanate sublateral region much smaller
and very much sparser than those of disc.

Elytra at widest 1-5 times as wide as pronotum, broadest at basal third just anterior to darker
markings ; between humeral teeth elytra 1-4 times as wide as pronotum ; elytra about 1-5 times
as long as their combined width ; not carinate laterally but laterally evenly curved ventrally

194 L - p - LEFKOVITCH

except for extreme lateral region which is explanate ; third cell well developed basally, outer
margin disappearing before the maculation ; elytra striate.

CONGO.

HOLOTYPE female " Ruanda : Yanina, terr. Klibuye, 2,300 m 12-11-1953. P.
Basilewsky " and i paratype, female " Recolte dans 1'humus/I.R.S.A.C. Kivu :
Terr. Uvira, Mulenga 1880-2010 m. (Vest. for. ombroph.) v-iq^i N. Leleup " (Mus.
R. Congo Beige).

7. Xylophloeus dentatus sp. n.

3'~3'5 rnm.; trophi, anterolateral regions of head, scape, pedicel, lateral regions of pronotum
and elytra, basal region of elytra adjacent to scutellum and median apices of elytra (other than
suture) yellow to red in colour, remainder of dorsal surface black ; antennae with yellow setae ;
moderately shining.

Head about twice as wide as long, less trapezoidal in shape than usual for the genus ; lateral
line formed by raised ridge ; a secondary line present behind eye ; disc of head punctured, the
punctures of diameter about equal to nearly twice that of eye facet, except near and at median
region where they are smaller ; separated by distance equal to about half their diameter to
twice their diameter ; disc of the head polygonally reticulate anteriorly but laterally compressed
elsewhere ; surface of disc otherwise shining.

Pronotum 1-7 times as wide as long, at widest about 1-3 times as wide as head, broadest at
about anterior third and equally broad across lateral blunt teeth situated on lateral margin at
the basal third ; anterior angles produced, acute in shape but rounded at the extreme apices ;
posterior angles acute and slightly projecting ; lateral line formed by raised ridge and internal
groove, not joined together transversely behind anterior margin ; sublateral fovea large in area,
encroaching upon ridge of lateral line ; at region of fovea, lateral margin thickened, forming a
blunt tooth ; lateral region explanate ; disc with punctures smaller and further distant than
those of head, separated by a distance equal to twice to six times their diameter.

Elytra broadest at basal thiid, 1-7 times as broad as pronotum, slightly broader across shoulders
than pronotum (i-i times) ; almost twice as long as their combined width ; evenly rounded to
apico-sutural angle ; in longitudinal section elytra sinuate, being concave basally becoming
convex at apical third ; carinate laterally, lateral margin narrowly explanate.

KENYA, EAST AFRICA.

HOLOTYPE " Ravin boise/Tanganyka Terr. : Mt. Meru, Oikokola, versant N.O.
2750 m. 25-vi-i957/Mission Zoolog. I.R.S.A.C. en Afrique orientale (P. Basilewsky
et N. Leleup) " (Mus. R. Congo Beige) ; i paratype " Kidumnik (?) Ukunda [Kenya]
ii-i947/Com. Inst. Ent. Coll. No. 10840 " (British Museum (Natural History)).

V. BLUBOSgen. n.

Type species : Blubos matris sp. n.

This genus appears to stand apart from other Laemophloeine genera known to
the writer and as such it is difficult to find another genus with which it can be
compared. It resembles, at least superficially, some of the species of Xylophloeus
gen. n. but differs in many features, the most conspicuous being that the suture
between the pronotum and pro-episternum is dorsal in position and not lateral as
in that genus.

Head parallel at base, turning outwards just behind eyes ; across eyes head as broad as prono-
tum ; antennae about equal in length to head and pronotum, third segment somewhat longer

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEI N AE

195

than second, distal three segments slightly enlarged ; antennae inserted laterally, behind the
apparent front angles of head, insertions somewhat sunken ; lateral line on head behind eyes
represented by very fine ridge, anterior to eyes this ridge more completely developed ; lateral
lines joined anteriorly behind epistome by an evenly curved concave ridge ; that part of frons
anterior to this ridge evenly emarginate anteriorly, the whole anterior region of head having
three emarginations ; labrum very slightly emarginate anteriorly, otherwise evenly rounded.

Pronotum transverse, broadest in front of middle ; anterior angles acute, posterior angles acute
and produced ; lateral lines represented by groove, its outer margin continuous with anterior
and posterior discal margins ; secondary line present basally running medially from posterior
angle and turning anteriorly for short distance just before primary line before disappearing ;
at about mid-point of lateral region two large, deep punctures or foveae situated between
lateral line and lateral margin of pronotum ; suture between pronotum and pro-episternum
visible dorsally, pro-episternum providing outermost lateral region of prothorax.

FIGS. 19-20. (19) Front and middle coxal cavities of Blubos matris ; (20) dorsal view of
B. matris.

Scale lines : Fig. 19 = 0-25 mm. ; Fig. 20 = i mm.

196 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

Scutellum triangular, apex sharp ; elytra with distinct, punctate striae, third cell developed
apically ; not carinate laterally ; somewhat narrowed apically, rounded to apico-sutural angle,
leaving part of last abdominal segment exposed dorsally.

Genae normal, gular sutures distinct ; anterior coxal cavities broadly open behind, slightly
transverse ; hind margin of intercoxal prosternal process concave posteriorly ; intercoxal
process posteriorly deflected dorsally ; metepisternum not reaching mesocoxal cavity ; mesepi-
meron and metasternum meeting on a broad front (Text-fig. 19) ; metasternum as long as first and
second abdominal sternites combined ; intercoxal process of first visible abdominal sternite
slightly rounded anteriorly ; abdomen narrowing towards apex ; first visible abdominal sternite
twice as long as second, second to fourth equal to each other, the fifth slightly longer than fourth ;
legs of normal length for the subfamily ; trochantero-femoral junctions of normal type ; tarsal
formula 5-5-4 in the male ; female unknown.

Blubos matris sp. n.

(Text-fig. 20)

About 4 mm.; head, pronotum and antennae reddish yellow in colour, elytra more yellow,
the punctures somewhat red ; each elytron with one dark brownish mark, both together giving
the impression of the letter " M "; legs yellow with bases of tibiae and tarsi more red in colour ;
apices of mandibles black.

Head with large punctures, separated by slightly less than one diameter, surface shining
between them, each puncture with a short seta.

Pronotum with puncturation and setation on disc as that of disc of head ; region between
lateral line and lateral margin with very few, much smaller punctures, each with a seta.

Elytra with first, third and fifth intervals with a few punctures present basally, these punctures
further separated than those of striae ; apices of elytra with a few slightly longer setae ; pygidium
finely punctured, with fine reticulation between punctures.

CONGO.

HOLOTYPE " Kivu : contr. S. Kahuzi, km. 27, 2200 m., 28-111-1953 P. Basilewsky "
(Mus. R. Congo Beige).

VI. MICROLAEMUS gen. n.

Type species : Microlaemus turner i sp. n.

This genus includes species which superficially resemble those of Hypocopms
Mots. ; amongst the Laemophloeinae, the genus could be confused with some
Cryptolestes but can be distinguished from that genus by the possession of a distinctly
visible frontoclypeal suture, the transverse anterior coxae with their cavities open
posteriorly (Text-fig. 21), and with the fifth visible abdominal sternite about
twice as long as the fourth whereas Cryptolestes has closed front coxal cavities, the
coxae being globular, the frontoclypeal suture obsolete and the last visible abdo-
minal sternite only as long as the fourth at the most.

1-2-5 mm. ; body moderately flattened.

Head somewhat triangular in shape ; eyes moderate in size, situated in advance of base ;
antennae with scape and pedicel elongate, other segments transverse, distal three segments
forming a loose club ; epistome shallowly emarginate or truncate anteriorly ; lateral line
represented by raised ridge and closely approximated internal groove ; frontoclypeal suture
and median line represented by slight depressions in general surface of head.

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE 197

Pronotum slightly transverse or very occasionally very slightly longer than broad ; anterior
and posterior angles obtuse to rounded in shape ; lateral line represented by raised ridge and a
closely situated internal groove.

Scutellum triangular in shape ; elytra carinate laterally ; three cells developed, lateral margins
of first and second indistinct ; secondary intervals narrow.

Genae moderately well developed lateroventrally to trophi, gular sutures obsolete ; anterior
coxae transverse, with distinct lateral extensions, their cavities open posteriorly ; intercoxal
process of prosternum separating coxae to some extent, in the smallest species separation much
less in proportion to general body structure than in more typical species of genus ; intercoxal
process convexly rounded posteriorly ; metepisternum just contributing to mesocoxal cavity,
mesepimeron and mesepisternum contributing about equally ; metasternum equal in length to
first two visible abdominal sternites combined ; intercoxal process of first visible abdominal
sternites narrow and rounded anteriorly ; first abdominal sternite 2-25-2-5 times as long as
second, second to fourth equal to each other, fifth somewhat longer, legs subequal ; tro-
chantero-femoral junctions of normal to elongate type ; middle femora less dilated than
either front or back ; tarsal formula 5-5-5 in female, 5-5-4 in male.

KEY TO AFRICAN SPECIES

1. Body less than 1-5 mm. in length ; frontoclypeal suture obsolescent 4. slades sp. n. (p. 199)
Body more than 1-5 mm. in length ; frontoclypeal suture distinct ... 2

2. Body very dark brown to black in colour, palpi pale yellow in colour

3- palpalis (Waterhouse) (p. 198)
Body brown in colour, palpi almost the same colour as the rest of the body . . 3

3. Head produced anterior to the insertions of the antennae and rather narrow across

the epistome (Text-fig. 22) . . . .2. ferrugineus sp. n. (p. 198)

- Head normally developed anterior to the antennal insertions and of normal width

across the epistome (Text-fig. 23) . . . . . i. turner i sp. n. (p. 197)

The following species, hitherto placed in Laemophloeus , belong to Microlaemus :
M. sylvestris (Grouvelle), M. interceptus (Grouvelle), both from India, M. picipennis
(Grouvelle) from Ceylon and M. sulcifrons (Grouvelle) from Reunion combb.n.;
Lathropus brightensis Blackburn from Australia may belong to this genus although
further study is necessary before this last opinion can be confirmed.

i. Microlaemus turneri sp. n.

(Text-figs. 23, 24)

1-75-2-0 mm. ; brown in colour ; pubescent.

Head i -5 times as wide as long ; epistome rounded anteriorly ; frontoclypeal suture evenly
concave ; distance between anterior margin of eye and apex of epistome equal to that between
anterior margin of eye and base of head ; antennae just reaching base of pronotum ; mandibles
expanded laterally so that their posterolateral border is parallel with anterior border of the
produced genae ; disc of head evenly and shallowly punctured, punctures slightly lafger in
diameter than facet of eye, separated by distance equal to once to twice times their diameter,
each with seta equal to two diameters in length ; surface between punctures polygonally
reticulate.

Pronotum very slightly transverse, widest at anterior quarter, slightly broader than head
(i- 1 times), narrowed basally ; anterior and posterior angles slightly obtuse ; disc with punctures,
setae and surface as on head.

Elytra twice as long as their combined width, broadest at their mid-point, there i-i times as
broad as pronotum ; apices of the elytra separately rounded to the apico-sutural angle ; striate,
setae as long as those of head and pronotum.

ENTOM. 12, 4. 14

1 9 8

L. P. LEFKOVITCH

SOUTH AFRICA.

HOLOTYPE male " Natal : Kloof 1500 ft. Sept. 1926 R. E. Turner " and 8 paratypes
with same data; other paratypes: 6 " Zululand : Eshowe 1-22. v. 1926 R. E.
Turner " ; i " Port St. John, Pondoland June i-n. 1923 R. E. Turner " ; 5 " Stn.
No. 59 Deepwalls Forest. Knysna, i6-iii-i954, under bark of Yellow-wood, 1725 ft.
Cape Province J. Balfour Browne " ; i " Stn. No. 59 Deepwalls Forest. Knysna,
i7-iii-i954 small pool in glade, 1725 ft. Cape Province J. Balfour Browne " (British
Museum (Natural History)).

2. Microlaemus ferrugineus sp. n.

(Text-fig. 22)

Resembles M. turneri sp. n. except as follows : head very much more triangular, epistomal
region quite narrow ; distance between anterior margin of eye and epistome twice that of
distance between anterior margin of eye and base of head ; frontoclypeal suture only slightly
concave in shape.

HOLOTYPE " Mauritius J. E. M. Brown B.M. 1899-265 " (British Museum (Natural
History)).

3. Microlaemus palpalis (Waterhouse) comb. n.

Laemophloeus palpalis Waterhouse, 1876.
Laemophloeus tenebrosus Grouvelle, 1899, syn. n.

1-8 mm.; body reddish black in colour, maxillary palpi and tarsi yellow ; setae on head and
pronotum white to yellow in colour.

22

23

24

FIGS. 21-24. ( 2I ) Front and middle coxal cavities of Microlaemus slades ; (22) head
of M. ferrugineus and (23) of M. turneri ; (24) dorsal view of M. turneri.
Scale lines : Figs. 21-23 = 0-25 mm. ; Fig. 24 = i mm.

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE 199

Head coarsely punctured, punctures equal in diameter to two eye facets, separated by less
than half one diameter ; punctures smaller on frons ; surface, including that of internal regions
of punctures, reticulate.

Pronotum slightly longer than wide ; disc of pronotum punctured similarly to that of head,
but punctures further separated ; surface reticulate ; lateral margin with eleven or twelve blunt
tubercles ; sublateral region with row of large, closely approximated punctures situated close
to lateral line, their medial margins forming part of lateral line ; external to these punctures a
second row of deep and smaller punctures alternating with first row but absent at base and apex.

In its body proportions this species is identical with the generic type.

HOLOTYPE " Rodriguez G. Gulliver 76-15 /Laemophloeus palpalis (Type) C.
Waterh." (British Museum (Natural History)). The holotype of L. tenebrosus
Grouvelle, which bears the data "I. Bourbon [Mauritius] /Type [mss] I Laemophloeus
tenebrosus Grouv " and a Paris museum type label, was found to be the same species
as M. palpalis (Waterhouse) .

4. Microlaemus slades sp. n.

i-o mm.; yellowish brown in colour ; pubescent, dull.

Head 1-3 times as wide as long ; distance between anterior margin of eye and epistome 1-5
times that between anterior margin of eye and base of head ; disc polygonally reticulate,
apparently without punctures, covered with long setae, each seta being nearly as long as scape.

Pronotum i-i times as long as wide, at its widest i-i times as wide as head ; anterior and
posterior angles obtuse but rounded distally ; surface of disc reticulate and with setae as on head.

Elytra at their widest as wide as pronotum, twice as long as their combined width, pygidium
sometimes partially exposed dorsally ; striate and with rows of setae, setae slightly shorter than
those of head and pronotum.

CONGO.

HOLOTYPE " Bas-Uele : Kotell 1-21.1.1925 Dr H. Schouteden " and 2 para-
types with the same data (Mus. R. Congo Beige) ; i paratype " Haut-Ovelle Env.
de Madyu L. Burgeon 1919 " (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris).

VII. MAGNOLEPTUS gen. n.

Type species : Magnoleptus pugnaceus sp. n.

This genus differs from the closely related Leptophloeus Casey in several ways, the
most important being the considerably larger size of the adults, the tarsal formula
of 5-5-4 m the males as against 5-5-5 in Leptophloeus, the arrangement of the
intervals on the elytra, the detailed structure and arrangement of the mesocoxal
cavities and the rather nebulous difference in the surface appearance. The genus
resembles small Passandridae in its general appearance.

Body flattened cylindrical or cylindrical in shape ; 3-5 mm.

Head as long as broad ; eyes small, situated one to two diameters in advance of base ; lateral
line represented by raised ridge above and anterior to eyes, posterior to eyes the line obsolescent ;
frontoclypeal suture obsolete ; epistome truncate anteriorly ; antennae with pedicel shorter
than scape or third segment, otherwise filiform or almost imperceptibly enlarged distally.

Pronotum longer than broad, narrowed basally, anterior angles rounded or obtuse, hind angles
obtuse to acute, sometimes obsolescent ; lateral line represented by a shallow groove closely
approximated to an external raised ridge.

200 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

Scutellum pentagonal ; elytra more than 2-5 times as long as their combined width, sometimes
more than three times ; carinate laterally, carina formed by outer margin of third cell ; three
cells present, secondary intervals narrower than cells.

Genae normal ; gular sutures distinct ; anterior coxal cavities closed posteriorly, the coxae
spherical, situated fairly close together ; intercoxal process of the prosternum straight or slightly
convex posteriorly ; metepisternum not contributing to the mesocoxal cavities (Text-fig. 25) ;
posterior margin of mesosternum straight ; median suture of the metasternum not reaching
anterior margin of sclerite ; intercoxal process of first visible abdominal sternite narrow and
rounded anteriorly, this sternite 1-5 times as long as second, second to fifth about equal to each
other.

Legs subequal ; trochantero-femoral junctions of normal type ; tarsal formula 5-5-5 in
female, 5-5-4 in male.

\

KEY TO SPECIES

i. Head and pronotum black in colour, rugosely punctured, not shining ; elytra
parallel-sided and semi-truncate apically ; hind angles of pronotum very obtuse
(Text-fig. 27) 2. parallelicollis sp. n. (p. 201)

25

26

FIGS. 25-27. (25) Front and middle coxal cavities of Magnoleptus parallelicollis ; (26)
dorsal view of thorax and elytra of M. pugnaceus ; (27) dorsal view of M. paralleli-
collis.

Scale lines : Fig. 25 = 0-25 mm. ; Figs. 26, 27 = i mm.

A REVISION OF AFRICAN LAEMOPHLOEIN AE 201

Head and. pronotum blackish red, simply punctured, shining ; elytra diverging from
their bases to just behind the mid-point and then narrowing somewhat ; apices
evenly rounded to the apico-sutural angle ; hind angles of pronotum rectangular
(Text-fig. 26) . . . . . . . . i. pugnaceus sp. n. (p. 201)

i. Magnoleptus pugnaceus sp. n.

(Text-fig. 26)

3-0-5-0 mm.; body blackish red in colour except the tarsi which are less black.

Head as broad as or slightly broader across eyes than pronotum ; disc of head simply punctured,
punctures somewhat elongate, separated by once to twice their diameter ; surface between
punctures micro-reticulate ; almost devoid of setae.

Pronotum somewhat broader than long ; anterior angles rectangular and blunt, posterior
angles very distinct and projecting ; puncturation and setation as on head.

Elytra about 2-25 times as long as their combined width, parallel-sided until mid-point and
then narrowing somewhat apically, evenly rounded to apico-sutural angle ; third cell obsolete
basally but well developed apically.

CONGO, RHODESIA, ANGOLA.

HOLOTYPE male " N.W. Rhodesia Kashitu, N. of Broken Hill ii-igis H. C.
Dollman " and the allotype with the same data ; paratypes : i " Angola 10656.42
Marco de Canavezes (Cubal da Ganda), district de Benguela, piege lum., iii-56
Ed. Luna de Carvalho " (British Museum (Natural History)) ; i " Mulungu, 1951
P. C. Lefevre 691 Coll. R. Mayne Com. et Bois Congo r.237i ". The following
paratypes were collected by Dr. K. Schedl : i Yangambi 15. x. 1952 ; 3 Mulungu
5.viii.i952; 10 Yangambi i8.vii.i952 ; i Yangambi 21. x. 1952; 2 Hembe-
Bitale i8.vii.i952 ; 2 Ruanda Jhembe 29.vii.i952 (Mus. R. Congo Beige).

2. Magnoleptus parallelicollis sp. n.

(Text-fig. 27)

3'- 3'5 mm.; head and pronotum black, trophi, antennae, legs and elytra brownish black ;
body quite cylindrical in section.

Head rugosely punctured, punctures elongate, intervals between punctures reticulate ; setae
quite short.

Pronotum slightly longer than broad ; anterior angles obtuse and sharp, posterior angles
very obtuse, almost obsolete ; puncturation and setation similar to that on head.

Elytra three times as long as their combined width, parallel sided, each elytron subtruncate
apically.

CONGO.

HOLOTYPE male " Recolte dans cellule de bambous/I.R.S.A.C. Mus. Congo
Kivu : Uvira, Hte Luvubu 265 m 27~xii-i95o N. Leleup " and 2 paratypes with
the same data (Mus. R. Congo Beige).

VIII. LEPTOPHLOEUS Casey

Leptophloeus Casey, 1916.
Truncatophloeus Kessel, 1921, syn. n.

Type species : Laemophloeits angustulus Leconte (by original designation).

202 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

This genus has been redescribed by Lefkovitch (19596). Additions to that description follow :
epistome rarely with tooth in mid-line or with two teeth ; lateral line on head formed by raised
ridge and closely approximated internal groove ; elytra more or less parallel-sided ; genae
somewhat produced anteriorly ; gular sutures obsolescent or obsolete ; posterior border of
intercoxal process of prosternum straight or very slightly concave posteriorly ; metepisternum
not contributing to mesocoxal cavity ; mesepimeron just reaching cavity, mesepisternum contri-
buting to cavity but limited to a small region laterally ; median line of metasternum not reaching
anterior third of sclerite ; trochantero-femoral junctions of normal type ; in two species (L.
problematicus sp. n. and L. cornutus sp. n.) the hind tarsi of males four-segmented, otherwise
5-5-5-

Two species, Laemophloeus mobilis Grouvelle and L. insularis Grouvelle, are
included in Kessel's (1921) subgenus Truncatophloeus of Laemophloeus which was
denned merely by " Der Clypeus ist vorn gerade abgestiitzt ". Examination of the
type specimens of both species has shown that they have the generic characters of
Leptophloeus. I now select Laemophloeus mobilis Grouvelle as type species of
Truncatophloeus Kessel which thereby becomes a junior synonym of Leptophloeus
Casey ; both of these species are now transferred to Leptophloeus, comb. n.

The species of this genus fall into three groups which are not sufficiently distinct
to define as subgenera. The clematidis group includes the darkly coloured, rather
elongate species with a tendency to rugose sculpturing on the head and prothorax ;
the alternans group include the brown (but occasionally black) species which are
less elongate and which have simple puncturation without rugosity on the head and
prothorax ; the problematicus group is more distinct and includes those species
having four-segmented hind tarsi in the males and with an unusual epistome. In
other respects this last resembles the alternans group.

There remains the possibility that the problematicus species group does not properly
belong to Leptophloeus ; I am neither able to place them in any other genus nor
find any difference in the structure of the adults which together with the curious
epistomal structures and tarsal formula would justify the erection of a new genus
to contain the species. They perhaps belong to a different subgenus from the other
species here considered to belong to Leptophloeus but I would prefer to await the
discovery of a third species, if one exists, before confirming or refuting this suggestion.

KEY TO AFRICAN SPECIES

1. Epistome produced into a tooth, horn or horns over the labrum ... 2

- Epistome not produced into a tooth or horns over the labrum but truncate or

emarginate ............ 4

2. Epistome with two lateral horns (Text-fig. 28) ; males with four-segmented hind

tarsi . . . . . . . .16. problematicus sp. n. (p. 210)

- Epistome with one more or less medial tooth ; males with four- or five-segmented

tarsi ............. 3

3. Punctures on head separated by a distance less than their diameter ; head with

medial raised ridge ; males with four-segmented hind tarsi (Text-fig. 29)

17. cornutus sp. n. (p. 210)

- Punctures on head separated by a distance greater than their diameter ; head

without medial raised ridge ; males with five-segmented hind tarsi (Text-fig. 30)

4. opaculus (Grouvelle) (p. 205)

4. Epistome truncate or only very slightly emarginate anteriorly (Text-fig. 31) . 5

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE

203

Epistome strongly emarginate anteriorly (Text-figs. 32, 33) 10

5. Body black and shining ........... 6

- Body brown and dull ........... 7

6. Posterior angles of pronotum obtuse, clearly defined and somewhat projecting ;

head simply punctured . . . . . . i. ater sp. n. (p. 204)

- Posterior angles of pronotum obsolete ; head longitudinally rugosely sculptured

6. axillaris (Wollaston) (p. 206)

7. Head with median line raised above general surface into a ridge

14. bupleuri (Peyerimhof) (p. 209)
Head, if with visible median line, the line is depressed ..... 8

8. Elytra strongly carinate laterally, more than three times as long as their combined

width . . . . . . . -13- mobilis (Grouvelle) (p. 208)

Elytra abruptly deflected laterally but not carinate, about 2-5 times as long as their

combined width ........... 9

9. Head and pronotum longitudinally rugosely sculptured ; eyes situated about one

diameter in advance of the thorax ; elytra at shoulders as broad as the prothorax,
subtruncate apically . . . . . . .7. parallelus sp. n. (p. 206)

- Head and pronotum simply punctured ; eyes almost contiguous with the prothorax,

elytra at shoulders broader than the prothorax, broadly rounded apically

2. lucidus (Grouvelle) (p. 205)
to. Pronotum 1-5 times as long as the breadth between the posterior angles

8. mucunae sp. n. (p. 206)
Pronotum at most 1-25 times as long as broad between the posterior angles . . u

28

31

FIGS. 2833. Heads of Leptophloeus ; (28) L. problematicus ; (29) L. cornutus
(30) L. opaculus ; (31) L. ater ; (32) L. janeti ; (33) L. punctatus.

Scale line =0-25 mm,

204 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

11. Elytra about 2-25 times as long as their combined width . . . . . 12
Elytra at most about twice as long as their combined width . . . . 14

12. Pronotum at most as long as broad . . -5- stenoides (Wollaston) (p. 206)
Pronotum longer than broad .......... 13

13. Body shining, reddish yellow in colour ; head more or less smooth between the

punctures ......... 9. cassavae sp. n. (p. 207)

Body dull, brown in colour ; head reticulate between the punctures

10. linearis (Grouvelle) (p. 207)

14. Third segment of antennae narrower than second ; body dark brown in colour

ii. punctatus sp. n. (p. 208)
Third segment of antennae about as broad as second ; body yellow to brown in

colour ............. 15

15. Head and pronotum smooth between the elongate punctures

15. janeti (Grouvelle) (p. 209)
Head and pronotum with longitudinal micro-sculpture between the more circular

punctures . . . . . . . . .12. capitus sp. n. (p. 208)

It has not been possible to include 3. L. anormus (Grouvelle) in this key since it
has neither been recognized from the description nor has the type been located
(infra, p. 205).

The alternans Species Group (see p. 202)
i. Leptophloeus ater sp. n.

(Text-fig. 31)

This species is not unlike the European L. alternans (Erichson) in its general
appearance but differs in that the colour is black, the eyes are more convex, the
puncturation is coarser and the elytra are shorter in proportion to the rest of the
body.

2-0 mm.; head, pronotum and elytra black, trophi, antennae and legs red.

Head across eyes slightly broader than long ; epistome truncate anteriorly ; antennae reaching
basal third of elytra, last three segments enlarged to form a loose club, last segment twice as
long as wide ; disc of head with large punctures, about one and a half times to twice diameter
of an eye facet, somewhat elongate in shape ; punctures separated by a distance equal to
once to twice their diameter basally, by twice to four times their diameter apically ; each
puncture with a very short seta, or apparently glabrous.

Pronotum longer than wide (i-i times) ; at its widest narrower than head across eyes (0-95
times) ; anterior angles obtuse and rounded ; posterior angles obtuse, sharp and somewhat
projecting ; puncturation as on basal region of head, with very short setae or apparently
glabrous.

Elytra twice as long as their combined width ; i -i times as broad as pronotum across shoulders,
very slightly broader at mid-point ; each elytron separately curved to the apico-sutural angle,
just leaving tip of pygidium exposed dorsally in mid-line ; with punctured striae, each puncture
subtending a short seta.

CONGO.

HOLOTYPE and i paratype " Mulungu, 1951 P. C. Lefevre P. C. L. 642 " ; other
paratypes : i " Mulungu 8-viii-i952 R. Mayne. R.M. 5Q2A " ; 3 " Mulungu
5-viii-i952 Dr. Schedl Nr. 267 " (Mus. R. Congo Beige).

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE 205

2. Leptophloeus lucidus (Grouvelle) comb. n.

Laemophloeus lucidus Grouvelle, 1908.

This species resembles L. ater sp. n. in almost all details and differs primarily from that species
in the colour of the main part of the body which is brown and not black. Since Grouvelle's
original description is very detailed, no further redescription will be given here.

EAST AFRICA, ETHIOPIA.

HOLOTYPE " Af. or All. Amani/Eichelbaum/Type [mss]/3h /Laemophloeus lucidus
Grouv ty " and a Paris museum type label.

In addition to the holotype described from Dar-es-Salaam, the following specimens
have been examined : i " Abyssinia : Djem-Djem Forest nearly 9,000 ft. I-X-IQ25
Dr. H. Scott " ; i " Abyssinia/Schimper 430-50 ".

3. Leptophloeus anormus (Grouvelle) comb. n.

Laemophloeus anormus Grouvelle, 1923.

Although the type specimen of this species has not been located in either the
Grouvelle or the Alluaud collections, the original description presents sufficient
information to establish that the species properly belongs to Leptophloeus. Grouvelle
wrote that the species is related to L. janeti (Grouv.) and L. axillaris (Woll.), being
distinguished from the former by the truncate epistome and from the latter by the
more slender antennae, the more elongate body and an emargination at the outside
of the base of the prothorax. I have not been able to recognize specimens of a
species resembling L. janeti and L. axillaris, but differing from them as given and
agreeing with the rest of the description of L. anormus. In my key to species of
Leptophloeus (supra, p. 202), L. anormus would probably be identified as L. lucidus
(Grouvelle) .

KENYA.

According to the original description, the species was found " Riviere Amboni
dans la zone des prairies inferieures du mont Kenya, alt. 2,000 m." by Alluaud.

4. Leptophloeus opaculus (Grouvelle) comb. n.

(Text-fig. 30)

Laemophloeus opaculus Grouvelle, 1908.

This species resembles L. lucidus fairly closely but differs in the epistome having a pointed
tooth in the mid-line. In other respects, this species resembles the species of the alternans group.
The figure of the head (Text-fig. 30) will enable accurate recognition of the species. Since only
the type is known, there remains the possibility that this specimen is an abnormal individual of
another species. The shape of the prothorax, however, with its projecting, slightly acute hind
ingles is unlike that of any other African species of the genus.

EAST AFRICA.

HOLOTYPE " Afr. or. All. Amani Eichebaum \sic\ Type/ Laemophloeus opaculus
rrouv. ty."

206 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

5. Leptophloeus stenoides (Wollaston) comb. n.

Laemophloeus stenoides Wollaston, 1854.

Resembles L. alternans (Erichson) very closely but differs in the greater emargination of the
epistome and in having the surface of the head and of the pronotum polygonally reticulate upon
a moderately rugose sculpturing.

The surface is so distinct in this species as to distinguish it completely from other Leptophloeus
occurring in Africa.

MADEIRA.

HOLOTYPE, the only specimen seen, is in the Wollaston collection (British Museum
(Natural History)). It has a British Museum type label and " Laemophloeus stenoi-
des, type Woll " in a handwriting I do not recognize but which may be that of Arrow.

The clematidis Species Group (see p. 202)
6. Leptophloeus axillaris (Wollaston) comb. n.

Laemophloeus axillaris Wollaston, 1854.

This species resembles L. clematidis in its general appearance but is reddish black rather than
brown in colour, shining rather than dull ; the humeral region of the elytra is slightly redder
than the remainder.

Eyes situated very far in advance of base of head, very small ; head large in proportion to
remainder of body, as long as broad ; surface rugosely punctured, the sculpture tending to run
into longitudinal ridges ; very slightly pubescent ; median line slightly impressed.

Pronotum as long as broad, slightly narrowed basally ; anterior angles obtuse, posterior so
obtuse and rounded as to be obsolete ; surface punctured as on head.

MADEIRA.

HOLOTYPE a single specimen in the Wollaston collection (British Museum (Natural
History)). It has a British Museum type label and " Laemophloeus axillaris,
type Woll " in a handwriting I do not recognize but which may be that of Arrow.
I have not recognized further specimens of this species.

7. Leptophloeus parallelus sp. n.

Although belonging to the clematidis group of the genus, this species is most likely to be con-
fused with L. lucidus (Grouvelle) ; the distinguishing characters presented in the key to species
should prove adequate to prevent any confusion between these two species. However, L. paral-
lelus is very closely related to L. axillaris (Wollaston) from which it differs in colour and distri-
bution ; L. axillaris is reddish black in colour and occurs in Madeira whereas L. parallelus is
brown (albeit dark) and occurs in the Congo.

CONGO.

HOLOTYPE and i paratype " Luki 5-vi-ig52 Dr. Schedl 5.136 " (Mus. R. Congo
Beige).

8. Leptophloeus mucunae sp. n.

This species can be distinguished from its nearest relatives by the characters
outlined in the key to species.

1-5-2-0 mm.; body brownish red in colour, moderately shining.

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE 207

Head transverse, i -6 times as wide as long ; epistome concave anteriorly ; antennae rather
short, hardly reaching base of pronotum, last three segments enlarged forming a loose club, last
segment at most 1-5 times as long as broad ; surface of disc punctured, punctures twice as large
in diameter as facet of an eye, separated by a distance equal to less than one diameter ; each
puncture subtending a small seta ; surface between punctures somewhat irregular (not reticulate
but tending towards micro-rugosity) and shining.

Pronotum considerably narrowed basally, maximum width slightly broader than head,
i -5 times as long along mid-line as broad between hind angles ; anterior angles obtuse, posterior
obtuse and somewhat projecting ; surface of pronotum as coarsely and closely punctured as on
head.

Elytra 2-3 times as long as their combined width, at shoulders narrower than pronotum at
broadest ; together evenly rounded apically, not leaving last abdominal segment exposed
dorsally ; the three cells developed, secondary intervals being very narrow ; with punctured
striae.

UGANDA, CONGO.

HOLOTYPE and 3 paratypes : " Velvet bean seed/Uganda, Kampala -xi-1932
H. Hargreaves" (British Museum (Natural History)); i "Miss. H. de Saeger
3787 " (see Appendix) (Mus. R. Congo Beige).

9. Leptophloeus cassavae sp. n.

This is a comparatively small species of the genus ranging from 1-6-1-9 mm. It resembles
L. alternans (Erichson) and L. lucidus (Grouvelle) in many ways but differs in that the body is
somewhat more slender than in those species, thus resulting in, for instance, the pronotum being
slightly longer than broad ; the epistome is emarginate anteriorly and not truncate ; the punc-
turation of the head is coarser than the facets of the eyes and not finer ; the antennae resemble
those of L. alternans rather than those of L. lucidus although the difference between the antennae
is very slight ; in other respects the three species appear to be identical externally.

HOLOTYPE and 3 paratypes " Sierra Leone. Njala Ex Cassava branch ix-1935
E. Hargreaves " (British Museum (Natural History)).

10. Leptophloeus linearis (Grouvelle) comb. n.

Laemophloeus linearis Grouvelle, 1908.

In the key to African Laemophloeinae presented by Grouvelle (1908), this species
and L. punctatus sp. n. would be identified as L. hypobori (Ferris). Nevertheless,
the differences between them and L. hypobori are considerable.

The following differences between L. linearis and L. clematidis will serve as a description of the
species : in L. linearis segments of antennae elongate, eyes moderately convex, pronotum
broadest just behind anterior angles, elytra as broad across shoulders as pronotum at widest,
general surface less pubescent than in L. clematidis where antennal segments transverse, eyes
hardly convex, pronotum broadest at anterior third and elytra broader across shoulders than
pronotum at widest.

CONGO, ETHIOPIA.

HOLOTYPE " Abyssinie/Type/L. linearis A. Grouv." Other specimens seen
include 7 " Ituri : Djugu ii-1935. H. J. Bredo " ; i " Kivu : NGweshe v-1938
J. Ghesquiere " ; i " Kivu : Terr. Kabare Nyakasiba, 1800 m (vestige forSt)
vi-i95i N. Leleup " ; i " N. Kivu : Loashi viii-1937 J. Ghesquiere " ; i " Uganda :

208 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

Bugiri, 1400 m savane boisee 5/8-viii-i95y P. Basilewsky et N. Leleup " (Mus. R.
Congo Beige).

ii. Leptophloeus punctatus sp. n.

(Text-fig. 33)

This species resembles the preceding, differing only in the following details : in general shape
body less flattened, almost cylindrical ; elytra about twice as long as their combined width,
punctures on head and pronotum simple, surface without any rugosity.

CONGO.

HOLOTYPE " Galerie forestiere de la Kisanga dans humus. Environ d'Elisabeth-
ville. Septembre 1948 N. Leleup " ; paratypes : i " Recolte dans 1'humus (foret
de Hagenia)/Kivu : Terr Kabare, contrel S.E. Kahuzi, 2080 m i3-viii-i95i N.
Leleup " ; 2 " Sur Lobelia /Kibsll-ltun : Mont Bughera 2200 m xi- 1953 R. R. P. P.
Bergmans-Celis " ; i " Dans inflorescences de Lobelia^. Kivu : env. Lubero,
2300 m 6-viii-i953 R. P. M. J. Celis & Coll." ; i " Kwesi & Kilo 10/19-^-1911 Dr.
Bayer " ; i " Ituri La Moto ; Madyu L. Burgeon " ; i " Miss. H. De Saeger 3787 " ;
i " Miss. H. de Saeger 1724 " (see Appendix) (Mus. R. Congo Beige).

12. Leptophloeus capitus sp. n.

This species resembles L. punctatus sp. n. in most respects but differs as follows : antennal
segments at most as broad as long, median line on the head visible although not deep, punctures
on the head separated by one or two diameters whereas L. punctatus has the antennal segments
longer than broad, the median line of the head obsolete and distance between punctures on head
equal to half to once their diameter.

SOUTH AFRICA.

HOLOTYPE " Port St. John, Pondoland Sept. 1923/8. Africa R. E. Turner " and
i paratype with the same data (British Museum (Natural History)).

13. Leptophloeus mobilis (Grouvelle) comb. n.

Laemophloeus mobilis Grouvelle, 1908.

Head as broad as long, eyes somewhat projecting ; antennae reaching basal quarter of elytra,
terminal three segments at most i -5 times as long as broad ; surface of disc with elongate
punctures separated by narrow ridges, almost rugose ; with fine, narrow longitudinal reticulation
between the punctures.

Pronotitm just narrower than head across eyes, slightly longer than broad, weakly narrowed
basally ; lateral line represented by ridge and internal groove, the latter deeper in mid-region
than anteriorly or posteriorly ; anterior angles obtuse and blunt, posterior angles obtuse and
rounded ; surface as on head.

Elytra at shoulders slightly broader than pronotum at its widest, broadening until basal eighth
and then parallel-sided until apical third, then evenly rounded together ; 2-5 times as long as
their combined width ; the three cells developed, secondary intervals being half width of cells.

EAST AFRICA, CONGO.

The single male in the Grouvelle collection is selected as lectotype and is labelled
" Zanzib. /Type I Laemophloeus mobilis Grouv. ty." There is another syntype in

A REVISION OF AFRICAN LAEMOPHLOEIN AE 209

the Deutsches Entomologisches Institut. I have seen i other specimen " Congo
Beige Hembe-Bitale i9-viii-i952 Dr. Schedl " (Mus. R. Congo Beige).

14. Leptophloeus bupleuri (Peyerimhof) emend, comb. n.

Laemophloeus bupleri Peyerimhof, 1948.

This species was called bupleri in the original description but was referred to as
bupleuri elsewhere in the paper and was named after Bupleurum spinosum L. The
spelling bupleri is quite clearly an error and is here corrected.

L. bupleuri belongs to the clematidis group of Leptophloeus but is unique in having the median
line of the head raised into a strong ridge. The head is otherwise rugose, slightly longer than
broad ; the antennae do not reach the base of the pronotum ; the front angles of the pronotum
are obtuse, the hind angles so obtuse as to be obsolescent ; pronotum just broader than the head,
about 1-25 times as long as broad ; elytra at shoulders slightly broader than the pronotum,
about 2-25 times as long as their combined width, leaving the tip of the abdomen exposed
dorsally.

ALGERIA.

There are five syntypes, two mounted on one card with the data ' ' Agouni Boussouil
Djuidjusa vi-vii-1947 /Bupleurum spinosum /Laemophloeus Bupleuri Peyerh.
TYPES 1-2 " ; two mounted on separate cards but on one pin have data as above
but " TYPES 3-4 " ; the fifth is mounted alone and has the same data except for
" TYPE 5 ". The specimen implied by TYPE i is selected as lectotype.

15. Leptophloeus janeti (Grouvelle)

(Text-fig. 32)
Laemophloeus janeti Grouvelle, 1899.

L. janeti resembles L. capitus sp. n. very closely, both these species differing from L. punctatus
sp. n. in being yellow rather than chestnut in colour and in the ratio between the length of the
elytra to the length of the head and pronotum combined being 1-4 or less in contrast with the
figure of i -6 in L. punctatus. In addition to the characters given in the key, L. janeti differs from
L. capitus in having the secondary intervals and to a lesser extent the raised regions between
the strial punctures yellow in colour whereas the elytra of L. capitus are a uniform reddish
yellow.

Two specimens in the Grouvelle collection, Paris, bear printed data labels as
follows : " Museum Paris/Congo/Libreville/H. Lecomte 56-97 ". One of these two
specimens bears the word " type " in Grouvelle 's later handwriting in his usual
purple ink ; the other has a ms. label " Laemophloeus Janeti Grouv." in Grouvelle's
early handwriting in black ink. In his original description Grouvelle gave as
locality the following information : " Congo : Libreville. Museum de Paris et
collection A. Grouvelle. Espece decouverte a Paris dans une noix de Cacao,
contentant un nid de Monomorium floricola, envoyee au Museum par M. Lecomte ".
Consequently, I feel confident that the two specimens indicated above are syntypes.
I select the specimen bearing the name " Laemophloeus Janeti Grouv." as lectotype.
The other specimen is rather smaller than is usual for the species.

210 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

It is interesting to note that this species, when correctly recognized in stored
products, has always been associated with cocoa and coffee beans.
I have seen specimens from throughout the CONGO and from UGANDA and GHANA.

The problematicus Species Group (see p. 202)

Two species belong here, Leptophloeus problematicus sp. n. and L. cornutus sp. n.,
which appear to be unique in the genus in possessing four-segmented tarsi in the
hind legs of the male.

16. Leptophloeus problematicus sp. n.

(Text-fig. 28)

The following differences from L. janeti (Grouvelle) will serve as a description of this very
distinct species : colour brown rather than red, puncturation coarse, close ; epistome produced
into a plate and two horns over labrum.

CONGO.

HOLOTYPE male and 3 paratypes : " Yangambi i8-vii-ig52 Dr. Schedl Nr. 468 " ;
other paratypes : 7 " Yangambi I5-X-I952 Dr. Schedl Nr. 468 " (Mus. R. Congo
Beige).

17. Leptophloeus cornutus sp. n.

(Text-fig. 29)

This species resembles L. problematicus sp. n. very closely, differing primarily in the structure
of its epistome which in L. cornutus has a short sharp median horn contrasting with the plate
and two horns to be found in L. problematicus.

CONGO.

HOLOTYPE and i paratype " Yangambi i8-vii-ig52 Dr. Schedl Nr. 468 " ; other
paratypes : 4 " Yangambi I5-X-IQ52 Dr. Schedl Nr. 468 " ; i " Luki 12. vi. 1952
Dr. Schedl s.i64a " ; 2 " Luki 5-^-1952 Dr. Schedl 3.136 " ; i " Luki n-vi-i952
Dr. Schedl 8.195 " ; i " Yangambi 9~ix-i952 Dr. Schedl Nr. 802 " ; i " Sankuru :
Lodja io-v-i929 J. Ghesquiere " (Mus. R. Congo Beige).

IX. NARTHECIUS Leconte

Narthecius Leconte, 1861.
Paraphloeus Sharp, 1899 syn. n.

Type species : Narthecius grandiceps Leconte (by monotypy) .

Body cylindrical.

Head longer than broad ; epistome acuminate apically, epistome symmetrically or asym-
metrically produced over labrum into narrow horn ; head longitudinally shallowly grooved on
each side of horn between horn and insertion of antennae, with a raised ridge on outside in some
species ; eyes situated well in advance of base, flush with the surface of the head or hardly
convex, with moderately large facets ; antennae inserted just below lateral carinae at base of
acumination, with terminal three segments broader than remainder, with scape in some species
an irregular isoseles triangle in shape, pedicel being inserted at external apical angle, in other

A REVISION OF AFRICAN LAEMOPHLOEUN AE 211

species scape almost spherical ; frontoclypeal suture obsolete ; lateral carinae represented by
raised ridge ; an impressed median line usually present ; gular sutures distinct and well separ-
ated ; genae moderately produced but negligibly so when compared with Passandridae,
Prostomis or Passandrophloeus ; labrum transverse, shallowly emarginate anteriorly.

Pronotum longer than broad, as long as or shorter than head ; suture between the pronotum
and the pleural sclerites not lateral but lateroventral, sometimes partially visible from above ;
anterior angles rounded, posterior obtuse and well denned ; lateral line represented by raised
ridge and internal groove. ,

Scutellum more or less semicircular ; elytra parallel-sided, about twice as long as their combined
width, about 1-5 times as long as pronotum ; the three cells developed, secondary intervals being
as broad as cells or narrower.

Anterior coxal cavities open posteriorly, situated close together ; intercoxal prosternal process
convexly rounded posteriorly ; mesosternum very small and consisting of a narrow strut posteri-
orly between middle coxae ; meso- and metepisterna not contributing to mesocoxal cavities,
these being formed by meso- and metasterna with mesepimeron ; metasternum equal in length to
first four visible abdominal sternites combined ; first visible abdominal sternite 1-5 times as
long as second in mid-line, its intercoxal process narrow, sharply rounded anteriorly ; second
to fourth sternites about equal to each other, fifth longer but not as long as first.

Legs rather short, almost warranting description as brachypodous ; trochantero-femoral
junctions of normal type, femora strongly dilated ; tibiae sinuate ; tarsal formula 5-5-5 in
both sexes ; in some (American) species the paired apical spines on tibia asymmetrically
developed on the front legs, symmetrically on the others.

Paraphloeus Sharp was erected to contain two species from Central America ;
the type species, P. crassiceps Sharp, quite clearly is a Narthecius, probably con-
specific with N. grandiceps and is now placed in that genus comb. n. The other
species, P. longicollis Sharp, belongs to a different group within the Laemophloeinae
meriting generic status. In contrast with Sharp's opinion, Paraphloeus has five
tarsal segments in each leg and not four (or three, as he claimed to be present in
the front legs) . The basal segment is almost entirely withdrawn (in dried specimens,
at least) into the tibia and is hardly, if at all, shorter than the second ; what little
protrudes from the shaft is normally hidden by the spurs, spines, knobs and setae
with which the tibia is ornamented in this region.

I have neither been able to see the type of nor recognize N. haroldi Reitter,
described from Madagascar. Its description suggests that it is not Narthecius but
is more related to the Oriental N. suturalis Grouvelle which, as indicated below, is
considered to belong to a genus distinct from Narthecius. N. haroldi would appear
to be distinguished from the species described below as follows :

Epistome asymmetrically acuminate anteriorly . . N. schedli sp. n. (p. 211)
Epistome weakly curved anteriorly ..... N. haroldi Reitter

Narthecius schedli sp. n.

(Text-figs. 34, 35)

About 1-8 mm.; body reddish brown in colour, elytra less intensely so.

Eyes slightly convex, situated 1-5 times their diameter in advance of base ; surface of head
with slightly longitudinally elongate punctures, not very much smaller to half the diameter of
facets of eyes, separated by about one diameter ; surface between punctures minutely poly-
gonally reticulate ; apparently without setae.

212 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

Pronotum about 1-25 times as long as broad, slightly longer than head ; surface as on head ;
elytra about 2-5 times as long as their combined width, parallel-sided until apical third, there
gently turning inwards and evenly rounded to apico-sutural angles ; strial punctures very minute,
each with a thin short seta.

CONGO.

HOLOTYPE " Congo Beige Yangambi 25-ix-ig52 Dr. K. Schedl Nr. 961 " ; para-
types collected in same locality but on different dates : i, 24-^1-1952 (8.215) ; i,
30-vi-i952 (8.265) ; 2 . 24-ix-i952 (R-944) ; 2, 3i-x-i952 (R-949) (Mus. R. Congo
Beige).

It is rather difficult to know with which species to compare N. schedli. The
American members of the genus are very different in their body form and can easily
be distinguished as a group by the following key. Those from the Oriental region
which are more closely related are as yet undescribed (N. suturalis Grouvelle is
probably generically distinct). The following key will indicate the most obvious
differences :

1. Eyes situated three diameters in advance of the base, hardly, if at all, convex ;

scape large and irregularly triangular in shape ; grooves on each side of the frontal
horn ridged externally ; epistomal horn centrally placed (Text-fig. 36)

American NARTHECIUS

- Eyes situated 1-5 diameters in advance of the base, slightly convex ; scape globular ;

grooves on each side of the frontal horn not ridged externally but merging with the
general surface of the head ; epistomal horn asymmetrically placed ... 2

2. Epistomal horn with a narrow base, the head otherwise hardly produced anteriorly

to the antennal insertions (Text-fig. 37) . . . . Oriental NARTHECIUS

- Epistomal horn with a broad base, the head being clearly produced anteriorly to the

antennal insertions (Text-fig. 35) ...... N. schedli sp. n.

34

FIGS. 34-37. (34) Dorsal view of Narthecius schedli ; (35) head of N. schedli ; (36) of
American Narthecius and (37) of Oriental Narthecius.

Scale lines : Fig. 34 = i mm. ; Figs. 35-37 = 0-25 mm.

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPH LOEI N AE 213

X. PASSANDROPHLOEUS Kessel
Passandrophloeus Kessel, 1921.

Type species : Laemophloeus spinosus Grouvelle (present designation).

This genus could easily be confused with Leptophloeus but can be easily recognized
by the ventral structure of the head, the anterior coxal cavities (Text-fig. 38), the
shape of the intercoxal process of the first abdominal sternite in addition to the
characters given in the key to genera.

Of the seven species listed by Kessel in Passandrophloeus, I select spinosus Grou-
velle as the type species. This species is very similar to the single African species
redescribed below and may prove to be conspecific.

Body moderately flattened ; 2-4 mm.

Head in male triangular in general shape (Text-fig. 40) ; eyes situated in advance of base, a
distinct ridge present behind eye ; width of head across eyes more than that of pronotum. at
widest ; head in female less obviously triangular in shape (Text-fig. 41) ; eyes almost in contact
with the base, no distinct ridge behind eye ; width across eyes rarely as much as that of prono-
tum ; in both sexes, frontoclypeal suture and median line obsolete ; epistome truncate anteri-
orly ; antennae with scape, pedicel and terminal three segments distinctly larger than other six
segments ; two lateral lines on each side, inner one depressed, outer one ridged and anteriorly
forming margin to epistome ; external region of mandibles in male produced ventrally and
laterally, this production often reaching to beneath produced genae ; in female mandibles not
produced externally lateroventrally.

Pronotum with indistinct obtuse anterior angles and with distinct acute posterior angles ;
two lateral lines on each side, inner consisting of internal shallow groove and external ridge,
outer essentially a groove between ridge of inner line and a secondary ridge ; this outer groove
may consist of a row of largish punctures behind mid-line ; the outer ridge is recurved externally
in front, then runs posteriorly close to lateral margin.

Scutellum triangular ; elytra carinate laterally, the three cells developed, the carinal fold being
closely approximated to outer margin of third ; apices of elytra usually truncate in male, with
external apical angles turned outwards ; apices sometimes describable as truncate in females
but usually evenly rounded to suture.

Genae normal in female, in male this region developed ventrally and slightly laterally into a
heavy jowl on each side (Text-fig. 39) ; gular sutures distinct ; anterior coxal cavities closed
behind, each with a lateral extension ; intercoxal process of prosternum concave posteriorly ;
coxae well separated ; metepimera not contributing to mesocoxal cavities ; intercoxal process
of first abdominal sternite almost straight anteriorly ; metasternum about as long as first three
abdominal sternites ; first abdominal sternite twice as long as second, second to fourth about
equal in length to each other, fifth somewhat longer ; trochantero-femoral junctions of the
normal type ; tarsal formula 5-5-5 in female, 5-5-4 in male.

Passandrophloeus glabriculus (Grouvelle) comb. n.
(Text-figs. 39-4 1 )

Laemophloeus glabriculus Grouvelle, 1897.
Laemophloeus diver gens Grouvelle, 1908 syn. n.

This species is fairly widespread in the Oriental and African regions and appears
to be associated with trees of the Dipterocarpaceae.

About 2 mm.; head, antennae, pronotum and legs yellowish red in colour, elytra essentially the
same colour but since they are transparent or almost so, they appear to be a dirty white over
the metathoracic wings.

ENTOM. 12, 4. 15

214

L. P. LEFKOVITCH

4O

FIGS. 38-41. Passandrophloeus glabriculus ; (38) Front and middle coxal cavities ;
(39) lateral view of head of male ; (40) dorsal view of male ; (41) dorsal view of head
of female.

Scale lines : Figs. 38, 39 = 0-25 mm. ; Figs. 40, 41 = i mm.

A REVISION OF AFRICAN LAEMOPHLOEIN AE 215

Punctures on head and disc of pronotum slightly smaller in diameter than facet of eyes,
separated by once to four times their diameter, each with a seta about two diameters in length.

Pronotum about as long as broad, narrowed basally ; elytra at shoulders as broad as pronotum
apically, broadening until just posterior to their mid-point where, in male, they are as broad as
head across eyes and in females, broader than head ; first strial interval of elytra in addition to
contributing to first cell, possesses a row of punctures situated quite close to suture ; the three
cells each with row of punctures in addition to two punctured striae ; secondary intervals very
narrow (these are presumably what Grouvelle in his original description, called the striae since
he described each elytron as having three striae).

In the Grouvelle collection there are three males, which I consider to be syntypes
of this species : two are mounted together and bear the data " Sumatra Deli /Type
[black printed on white] /Laemophloeus glabriculus Grouv ty ". The lectotype,
which I now select, is the male on the right and has been indicated by the figure 2
on the card. The remaining paralectotype bears the data " Sumatra tabac/Type
[black printed on white] ".

The holotype of L. divergens bears the following data ; " Af. or. All. Amani/
Eichelbaum/Type [mss] /Laemophloeus divergens sp. nv. Grouv." and a Paris
museum type label. When examined it was found to be the same species as P.
glabriculus. Lefkovitch (1957^) gave a record of this species arriving at a British
port on dunnage from West Africa, which suggested that the species, previously
known only from Sumatra, occurred in Africa. The following data on the speci-
mens given below confirms that the species does in fact occur there.

CONGO, WEST AFRICA.

i " Yangambi, 1951 C. Donis z.309 Com. et Bois Congo r.2326 " and 3 other speci-
mens whose data are identical but for z.307, 306, 316 ; i " s/Grumes Boma (quai)
x-1945 J. Vrydagh " ; 14 specimens " Eala viii-1935 J. Ghesquiere 708 " ; (Mus.
R. Congo Beige). Five specimens (author's collection) " Palm kernels loaded
Apapa 23-4-1957 next to damp, moulding logs ss.Martita collected 18. 11.1957
R. C. Welch at Bristol " (these last are the specimens referred to in Lefkovitch,

1957)-

Certain other species hitherto placed in Laemophloeus properly belong to this
genus, namely Passandrophloeus ditomoides (Grouvelle) comb, n., P. spinosus
(Grouvelle) comb. n. and P. falcidens (Grouvelle) comb. n.

XL MESTOLAEMUS gen. n.

Type species : Mestolaemus longicornis sp. n.

The beetles belonging to this curious genus can be distinguished at once from other
African Laemophloeinae by the very deep outer emargination on the front of the
head.

1-5 mm.; body flattened.

Head broader than long ; eyes moderate in size, situated just more than one diameter in
advance of base ; frontoclypeal suture obsolete ; epistome emarginate anteriorly, between
epistome and insertions of antennae two further emarginations on each side, outermost very
deep ; lateral raised line present and additional short line present behind eye ; antennae with
all segments elongate, in total longer than body.

216 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

Pronotum with lateral line carinate, this line without a fovea along its length.

Scutellum flatly triangular ; elytra with the three cells ; the usual inflected lateral region typical
of Laemophloeinae hardly deflected but explanate.

Genae not produced ; gular sutures distinct ; anterior coxal cavities narrowly closed behind,
coxae spherical and well separated from each other ; mesepimeron contributing appreciably to
mesocoxal cavity ; metasternum about equal in length to first two abdominal sternites ; inter-
coxal process of first abdominal stern ite straight anteriorly ; first abdominal sternite twice as
long as second in mid-line, second to fourth subequal, fifth slightly longer ; in overall shape,
abdominal sternites strongly convex, abdomen consequently semicylindrical in shape ; legs
subequal in length ; trochantero-femoral junctions of normal type ; hind femora slightly more
dilated than others ; tarsal formula 5-5-5 in male, female unknown (probably 5-5-5).

Mestolaemus longicornis sp. n.

(Text-fig. 43)

i -5-2-0 mm.; body very flattened ; reddish yellow in colour.

Head transverse, about twice as broad as long ; labral emargination shallow ; region between
outer deep emargination and eye strongly produced above antennal insertion ; scape about
twice as long as broad, other segments three to four times as long as broad ; all segments of
antennae about as long as each other, antenna about equal to body in length ; last three segments
hardly if at all broader than those preceding ; surface closely and evenly punctured, diameter
slightly less than that of an eye facet, separated by half to one and a half times this distance,
each with a short, stout seta about equal to one and a half diameters in length ; surface between
punctures smooth and shining.

Pronotum at the acute, produced anterior angles as broad as head, twice as broad as long ;
posterior angles slightly obtuse ; lateral margin (including anterior angles) with about six
rounded teeth, these being more strongly developed anteriorly ; lateral line formed by a raised
ridge ; sublateral region explanate ; surface with puncturation and setation as on head.

Elytra oval in shape, broadest at their mid-point, there slightly broader than pronotum,
slightly longer than their combined width ; cells with two or three rows of punctures additional
to striae ; each elytron carinate laterally, sublateral region explanate ; setae as long as those on
head and pronotum.

WEST AFRICA, ANGOLA.

HOLOTYPE male " Angola 1493, 18.2. /Rives Chumbe, 40 km. E. de Dundo, galerie
for., detritus sol. I5-V-I949. A. de Barros Machado " (British Museum (Natural
History)) ; i paratype male " IFAN-I946 Tonkoui C.I. 900-1200 m. A. Villiers
Foret Prim. 20-30. ix " (Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris).

XII. MARIOLAEMUS gen. n.

Type species : Laemophloeus misellus Grouvelle.

1-5-2-3 mm.; body only slightly flattened and rather broader in general build than is usual
in the subfamily.

Head somewhat transverse ; eyes moderate in size, situated in advance of base ; frontoclypeal
suture obsolete ; epistome trisinuate ; mouthparts projecting ; antennae elongate, not clubbed,
segments increasing in length from fourth to eleventh ; third segment longer than either second
or fourth ; lateral line represented by raised ridge ; a short additional line behind eye present.

Pronotum transverse, narrowed basally, anterior and posterior angles acute ; lateral line
represented by raised ridge, broadening laterally at base ; just behind mid-point in sublateral
region a deeply impressed line with posterior obliquity.

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE

217

Scutellum transversely pentagonal ; elytra rarely twice as long as their combined width,
usually only one and a half times or somewhat less ; first cell strongly margined internally at
base, other cells weakly developed ; greater part of last abdominal tergite often exposed dorsally.

Genae normal ; gular sutures distinct ; anterior coxal cavities closed posteriorly, circular but
coxae very clearly transverse internally ; prosternal intercoxal process concave posteriorly ;
metepisternum not contributing to mesocoxal cavity ; intercoxal process of first visible abdominal
sternite slightly curved anteriorly ; metasternum about as long as first two abdominal sternites ;
first abdominal sternite twice as long as second, second to fourth subequal in length, fifth
somewhat longer, trochantero-femornl junctions of normal type ; legs subequal ; tarsal formula
5-5-5 in female, 5-5-4 in male.

This genus is not unlike Phloeipsius Casey in its general appearance, but the two
are not really closely related. Mariolaemus can be distinguished from Phloeipsius
by the strongly formed frontoclypeal suture and the greater degree of flattening in
the body. Mariolaemus can be distinguished from other African genera by the
characters given in the key.

47

FIGS. 42-47. (42) Front and middle coxal cavities of Mestolaemus longicornis ;
(43) dorsal view of M. longicornis ; (44) front and middle coxal cavities of Mario-
laemus misellus ; (45) dorsal view of M. misellus ; (46) apices of elytra of M. escalerae
and (47) of M. misellus.

Scale lines : Figs. 42, 44, 46, 47 = 0-25 mm. ; Figs. 43, 45 = i mm.

2i8 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

KEY TO SPECIES

1. Elytra about i -5 or more times as long as their combined width .... 2

- Elytra less than 1-45 times as long as their combined width ..... 3

2. Head with a striole at the base of the antennae ; body slightly convex

i. livens (Grouvelle) (p. 218)

Head without a striole at the base of the antennae ; body distinctly convex (blackish
red in colour, with a shining region at the base of the antennae)

4. eichelbaumi (Grouvelle) (p. 219)

3. Elytra of greatest length at their apico-sutural angles (Text-fig. 46) ; abdomen

usually entirely covered by the elytra ; elytra at their broadest wider than the
pronotum at its maximum width . . . -3- escalerai (Grouvelle) (p. 219)

- Elytra of greatest length between their external and their apico-sutural angles and

the base ; tip of abdomen often exposed dorsally ; elytra at their broadest as
broad as the pronotum at its widest . .2. misellus (Grouvelle) (p. 218)

i. Mariolaemus livens (Grouvelle) comb. n.
Laemophloeus livens Grouvelle, 1923.

The length of the elytra distinguishes M. eichelbaumi and M. livens from the other
two species of the genus ; however, the differences that Grouvelle gave to separate
M. livens from M. eichelbaumi (the lesser convexity, the striole at the bases of the
antennae and the sublateral impression on the pronotum) are characters difficult
to appreciate in the absence of the type specimen (s) ; they have not been discernible
in any specimen examined by me.

The type of this species has not been located nor have specimens been found to
correspond with the original description. Grouvelle stated that it was related to
M. eichelbaumi most closely and also to M. misellus and M. escalerai.

EAST AFRICA.

2. Mariolaemus misellus (Grouvelle) comb. n.

(Text-fig. 45)
Laemophloeus misellus Grouvelle, 1889.

i -7-2-0 mm. ; body black with a reddish tinge, tarsi yellow to red in colour.

Head transverse, 1-5 times as wide as long ; a short, shallow groove situated on anterior margin
of impunctate area at base of antennae, antennae about as long as body ; surface evenly
punctured (except for area at base of antennae), punctures smaller in diameter than eye facets,
separated by distance equal to two to five times their diameter ; each with a short seta about
equal to three diameters in length ; surface between punctures with micro-punctures but
otherwise smooth and shining.

Pronotum i -5 times as broad as long, as broad as head, narrowing basally ; disc with punctures,
setae and surface as on head.

Elytra slightly broader across shoulders than base of pronotum, broadest at about anterior
third, as broad as pronotum at widest ; elytra 1-2 times as long as their combined width, each
with punctured striae ; third cell developed internally and anteriorly ; each separately rounded
to apico-sutural angle ; last segment of abdomen exposed dorsally.

There are 2 syntypes in the Grouvelle collection ; I select a specimen with the
following data as lectotype (it appears to be the specimen figured in the original
description) : " Assinie Cote occid. Afrique Ch. Alluaud 1886 /Type /Laemophloeus
misellus Grouv." The paralectotype, which is the same species as the lectotype,

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE 219

bears the following data ; " Assinie Afrique oc [printed on green paper] /Type [black
printed on white] /Laemophloeus misellus Grouv [mss]/Type [black printed on red]."
This species is one of the commonest of the African Laemophloeinae not associated
with stored products, and is widespread in its distribution. I have seen specimens
from Abyssinia, the Ivory Coast, the Congo, Uganda, Angola and South Africa.

3. Mariolaemus escalerai (Grouvelle) 1 emend, comb. n.

Laemophloeus escalerae Grouvelle, 1905.
Laemophloeus subniger Grouvelle, 1905, syn. n.

This species resembles M. misellus (Grouvelle) very closely but differs as follows : head and
pronotum with very few if any micropunctures between punctures ; pronotum slightly broader
than head ; elytra across shoulders as broad as greatest breadth of pronotum, at anterior third
distinctly broader ; elytra evenly rounded together apically.

There are 3 syntypes of M. escalarai (Grouvelle) in the Grouvelle collection. I
select a specimen with the data)" Biaffra Escalera " as lectotype. The other two
syntypes, which are mounted together, bear the data ; " Biafra Cabo S. Juan
VH-igoi Escalera/Type [mss]/L. Escalerae Grouv. ty. [Grouvelle's mss] " and a
Paris museum type label. They are conspecific with the lectotype. The holotype
of L. subniger Grouvelle, whose data are " Assinie Cote occid. Afrique Ch. Alluaud
i886/L. subniger Gr. ty ined.", is the same species as M. escalerai.

CONGO, WEST AFRICA.

The following specimens have also been seen : 2 " Stanleyville : Yangambi
i/i6-xii-i953. J. Decelle " ; i " Haut-Uele : Moto vi/vii-1923 L. Burgeon " ; i
" Coquihatville, 100 km en amout de, sur le fleure a la lumiere 3-^-1949. N. Leleup ";
i " Yangambi 2o-ix-i952 Dr. K. Schedl " ; i " Congo Beige Leopoldville L.
Burgeon 1917 " ; 3 "Ogoone Lambarene R. Ellenberger 1911 " (Mus. R. Congo
Beige) ; 2 " Yaule/Nimba (Guinee) M. Lamotte 2-vi-i942 " (Museum National
d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris).

4. Mariolaemus eichelbaumi (Grouvelle) comb. n.

Laemophloeus eichelbaumi Grouvelle, 1908.

This species resembles both M. misellus and M. escalerai but differs in having no groove or
stria anterior to the impunctate region at the base of the antennae and in the elytra being more
than i -5 times as long as their combined width ; it resembles M. misellus in having each elytron
separately rounded to the apico-sutural angle and M. escalerai in the non-exposure of the last
tergite of the abdomen.

EAST AFRICA, CONGO.

There are 8 syntypes in the Grouvelle collection ; I select the one with the
following data as lectotype : " Af. or. all. Ama,m/i<:)/ Laemophloeus eichelbaumi
ined. Grouv." All the other syntypes bear the following data : " Afr. or. all Amani ",
and two additionally : " Eichelbaum " on a separate label.

Grouvelle describes this species as being common at Amani during the months of
July to November. Two specimens have been examined other than the syntypes,

1 The emendation accords with the provisions of Article 31 of the International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature, 1961,

220 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

both from the Belgian Congo. One (British Museum (Natural History)), bears
the following data: " 18 m. S.W. of Elizabethville 1928 Dr. H. S. Evans " ; the
other (Mus. R. Congo Beige), " Elizabethville 11-1940 H. J. Bredo ".

XIII. NOTOLAEMUSLefkovitch
Notolaemus Lefkovitch, 19596.

Type species : Cucujus unifasciatus Latreille (by original designation).

2-3 mm.; body moderately flattened.

Head somewhat wider than long ; eyes moderately prominent, situated in advance of base
and occupying less than one half of lateral margin of head ; front margin of head with a central
labral, paired mandibular and often small antennal emarginations ; antennae about equal in
length in both sexes, approaching length of body ; last three segments not forming a distinct
club ; lateral line represented by raised ridge ; a subsidiary ridge behind eye present in addition.

Pronotum transverse, narrowed basally ; anterior and posterior angles moderately prominent
lateral margin sometimes irregularly rounded ; lateral line represented by raised ridge which is
somewhat broadened basally.

Scutellum triangular ; elytra often leaving the tip of abdomen exposed dorsally ; the three
cells present or absent ; outer margin of third cell when present may or may not coincide with
lateral carina.

Genae normal ; gular sutures distinct ; anterior coxal cavities widely open posteriorly ; coxae
globular ; prosternal intercoxal process slightly convex posteriorly ; metepimera not contributing
to mesocoxal cavities ; posterior border of mesosternum very slightly convex posteriorly ;
metasternum about as long as first two abdominal sternites, median line broadening towards
anterior margin ; intercoxal process of first visible abdominal sternite slightly curved anteriorly ;
this sternite twice as long as second, second to fifth sterites subequal ; trochantero-femoral
junctions of normal type although approaching heteromeroid type in middle and hind legs ;
legs subequal in length, middle femora slightly less dilated than front or hind ; tarsal formula
5-5-5 in female, 5-5-4 in male.

KEY TO AFRICAN SPECIES

1. Pronotum with two well separated lateral lines on each side

i. perrieri (Grouvelle) (p. 221)

- Pronotum with one lateral line on each side ....... 2

2. Mandibles of the male broadly produced laterally (Text-fig. 48) . 2. elli sp. n. (p. 221)

- Mandibles not produced laterally but rounded ....... 3

3. Hind angles of the pronotum acute or rectangular ...... 4

- Hind angles of the pronotum obtuse ......... 5

4. Pronotum with a short, longitudinal deep impression on each side external to the

lateral carina and adjacent to it at its mid-point (Text-fig. 49)

3. perspicuus (Grouvelle) (p. 222)
Pronotum with a transverse, impressed line between the lateral carina and the lateral

margin at its mid-point (Text-fig. 50) .... 4. riartus sp. n. (p. 223)

5. Pronotum excavate sublaterally (Text-fig. 51) ; body brown 5. clams (Grouvelle) (p. 223)

- Pronotum flattened sublaterally (Text-fig. 52) ; body brown or black ... 6

6. Body black and rather dull ..... 8. picinus (Grouvelle) (p. 226)

- Body brown and rather shining ......... 7

7. Head with a deep transverse groove on each side at the bases of the antennae ; body

2-5 mm. in length or more . . .... 6. peringueyi (Grouvelle) (p. 224)

- Head at most with a shallow fovea on each side at the bases of the antennae, usually

non-foveate and flat ; body rarely longer than 2-3 mm., usually 2-0 mm. or less in
length ......... 7. liganus sp. n. (p. 225)

A REVISION OF AFRICAN LAEMOPHLOEIN AE 221

i. Notolaemus perrieri (Grouvelle) comb. n.

Laemophloeus perrieri Grouvelle, 1906.

This species differs from other Notolaemus in possessing two lateral lines on each
side on the head and pronotum, and in the broadness of the head.

2 mm.; brown in colour ; head and pronotum covered with short, fine setae ; punctures
almost invisible.

Head transverse, broader across eyes than pronotum at widest, with two lateral lines on each
side ; eyes one diameter in advance of base ; antennae about as long as body.

Pronotum 1-3 times as broad as long, broadest just behind anterior angles ; two lateral lines
on each side, distance between inner and outer equal to that between outer and lateral margin ;
anterior angles acute, posterior angles obtuse.

Elytra 1-5 times as long as their combined width, evenly rounded to apico-sutural angle.

Female unknown.

HOLOTYPE male " Madagascar/Perrier/Type/L^wo^odws perrieri Grouv."
(Grouvelle collection). A second male, with the following data, has been seen :
" Zamscolla ix-iQ52 R.P. Institut Scientifique Madagascar " (Museum National
d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris).

2. Notolaemus elli sp. n.

(Text-fig. 48)

This species is distinct from other Notolaemus in that the mandibles of the male
are strongly produced laterally and the external angles ot the central epistomal

50

51

FIGS. 48-52. (48) Head of Notolaemus elli
an
peringueyi.

52

IGS. 48-52. (48) Head of Notolaemus elli ; (49) sublateral region of pronotum of
N. perspicuus and (50) of N. riartus ; (51) transverse section of pronotum of N. clarus
and (52) of A", berineuevi.

Scale line =0-25 mm.

222 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

emargination are produced anteriorly, recalling the condition in Planolestes ; how-
ever, the characters included in the key to genera serve to distinguish this species
from those of that genus.

2-1-2-5 rnm.; head and pronotum dark red, elytra more yellow in colour.

Head widest across eyes, broader than pronotum ; labral emargination of epistome with
external angle somewhat produced anteriorly, recalling those of a small male Planolestes ;
antennae as long as body in males, shorter in females ; surface of disc punctured, punctures
small, circular and separated by once to three times their diameter, each subtending a seta ;
mandibles of males often strongly produced laterally resembling a claw-hammer in general
appearance.

Pronotum broader anteriorly than posteriorly in males, about same width in females ; surface
with puncturation and setae as on head.

Elytra evenly rounded to apico-sutural angles.

CONGO.

HOLOTYPE male " Maceo (Luebo) 23-ix-i92i Dr. H. Schouteden " ; paratypes :
i with the same data as the holotype (female) ; 4 " Kamalembi (Luebo) 2i-ix-i92i
Dr. H. Schouteden " (2 males and 2 females) (Mus. R. Congo Beige).

3. Notolaemus perspicuus (Grouvelle) comb. n.

(Text-fig. 49)
Laemophloeus perspicuus Grouvelle, 1899.

This species is most closely related to N. elli sp. n. but can be distinguished from
it in that the mandibles of the male are not produced laterally and that the produc-
tion of the external angles of the median epistomal emargination is much less.

2-0-2-5 mm.; shining ; head and pronotum reddish brown in colour, elytra yellower.

Head in males about as broad as pronotum, somewhat narrower in females ; epistome with
outer pair of emarginations not developed ; outer margins of the central emargination somewhat
produced anteriorly ; antennae in males about three-quarters length of body, in females about
half length of body ; surface of head with small, circular punctures separated by once to three
times their diameter, this surface smooth.

Pronotum broadest between anterior angles in males, somewhat behind them in females ;
anterior angles obtuse and rounded, posterior angles rectangular or just acute and sharp ;
puncturation and setation as on head.

Elytra about 1-75 times as long as their combined width.

RHODESIA, CONGO, SOUTH AFRICA.

There are 4 syntypes in the Grouvelle collection : I select as lectotype a male
" C. B. Esp. Permguey /Type / Laemophloeus perspicuus Grouv. ty ". The three
other syntypes have the following data : two " C. B. Esp " ; one " C. B .Esp. /Type
[black printed on white] /I04 ". Other specimens seen include 2 " Kunungi g-iv-
1921 Dr. H. Schouteden " ; 2 " Ubangi i-ii-i93i M. Leontovitch " ; i " Arebi
vii-1925 Dr. H. Schouteden " ; i (female) " Haut-Uele : Adra 23-^-1925 Dr. H.
Schouteden " (Mus. R. Congo Beige) ; 3 " N.W. Rhodesia Shigariatombwes,
30-^1-1913 H. C. Dollman " (British Museum (Natural History)).

A REVISION OF AFRICAN L AEMOPHLOEIN AE 223

4. Notolaemus riartus sp. n.

(Text-fig. 50)

Closest to N. perspicuus (Grouvelle) with which it could easily be confused. In
addition to the transverse line between the lateral carina and lateral margin, N.
riartus is a dirty yellow in colour rather than reddish brown, is less convex than N.
perspicuus and has the sides of pronotum more smoothly rounded.

i -8-2-3 mm.; moderately shining ; body fuscous yellow in colour, elytra almost transparent.

Head in males as broad as or broader than pronotum, somewhat narrower in females ; epistome
with outer pair of emarginations weakly developed, outer margins of the labral emargination
somewhat produced anteriorly ; antennae almost as long as body in males, shorter in females ;
surface of head punctured, surface micro-reticulate between them.

Pronotum broadest behind anterior angles in both sexes ; anterior angles obtuse and rounded,
posterior angles slightly acute and moderately sharp ; surface ornamented as on head.

Elytra 1-75-2-0 times as long as their combined width, sometimes leaving tip of abdomen
exposed dorsally.

RHODESIA, CONGO, ANGOLA.

HOLOTYPE and 2 paratypes "Angola 4117.15 Alto Cuilo, Poste de Cacolo,
gal. forest, missean Tcha-Muchito, 2-vi~54. A. de Barros Machado " ; other para-
types : 3 "Angola 4119.3 Alto Cuilo (Cacolo) vi~54. A. de Barros Machado";
i "Angola 4072.6 Alto Cuilo, Poste de Catolo, rives de la Cavuemba, detr. sol.
26-V-54. A. de Barros Machado " ; i " Angola 4116.20 (as 4072.6) " ; i " N.W.
Rhodesia Shigariatombwes 8-vii-i9i3 H. C. Dollman " (British Museum (Natural
History)) ; 3 " Miss. H. de Saeger 3384 " (see Appendix) ; 2 " Ubangi 1-^-1931 " ;
i " Arebi vii-1925 Dr. H. Schouteden " (Mus. R. Congo Beige).

5. Notolaemus clarus (Grouvelle) comb. n.
(Text-fig. 51)

Laemophloeus clarus Grouvelle, 1899.

This species is closest to the European N. castaneus (Erichson). The two species
differ in many ways and can be most easily distinguished in the region of the
scutellum ; in N. castaneus the scutellum is darker in colour than the adjacent
parts of the elytra, whereas in N. clarus it is lighter.

3 mm.; dark brown in colour ; surface somewhat dull.

Front of head with five emarginations ; slightly narrower across eyes than pronotum at its
widest ; surface of head closely punctured, punctures circular, separated by one half of their
diameter, surface between them with a fine micro-sculpture ; each puncture with a seta about
equal to one to one and one half times their diameter in length ; antennae as long as body in
male (female unknown).

Pronotum somewhat irregularly rounded laterally ; front angles acute, posterior angles
obtuse ; sublateral region somewhat explanate ; puncturation, setation and micro-sculpture
as on head.

Elytra twice as long as their combined width.

SOUTH AFRICA, EAST AFRICA.

HOLOTYPE " C.B. Esp. Perinta [= Peringuey?] /Type /I03 / 'Laemophloeus clarus.

224 L. P. LEFKOVITCH

Grouv. ty." One other specimen has been seen, a male " Africa or. Katona/Kili-
mandjaro X-I9O4 " (Magyar Nemzeti Museum, Budapest (ex Reitter coll.)).

6. Notolaemus peringueyi (Grouvelle) comb. n.

(Text-fig. 52)
Laemophloeus pering